Thursday, December 28, 2017

FACTS ABOUT REPUBLIC DAY OF INDIA

FACTS ABOUT REPUBLIC DAY OF INDIA
   


REPUBLIC DAY FACTS

Republic Day means a lot for every Indian. It is a day of great importance to all of us. We celebrate this day with big enthusiasm and courage. India is a great country famous for a saying “Unity in Diversity” where people of more than one religions living together with complete understanding, patience and brotherhood. So, National events like 26 January and 15 August are some extraordinary moments for all Indian which they celebrate together.


In the morning of Republic Day, everyone becomes so encouraged to see the Republic Day celebration in Delhi (National Capital) at Rajpath on the TV. As a citizen of India everyone wants to know about the country, current happenings, historical facts and other facts. Here we have provided some interesting and knowledgeable facts about the Republic Day of India, so enhance your courage to see this year republic day celebration by knowing such facts:
Indian Constitution came into effect (officially into a legal circulation) on 26th of January in 1950, at 10:18 am after which India became a Republic country.
Indian Constitution came into effect especially on 26th of January because 26th of January, 1930 is an anniversary of Purna Swaraj Day.
The Constitution of India is the longest written Constitution all over the world (which cannot be read in a single day); it has incorporated “448 Articles in 22 Parts, 12 Schedules and 97 Amendments”.
Indian Constitution is written by the Dr. Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar (Dr. B.R. Ambedkar). He is known as the father of Indian Constitution.
The Constitution of India took around 2 years, 11 months and 18 days to be completed.
Two copies of the Indian Constitution were hand-written, one in English and one in Hindi.
Both hand-written copies of the Indian Constitution were signed on 24th of January in 1950 by around 308 members of the Assembly.
Both of the originally hand-written Indian Constitution copies are kept safely in the helium-filled cases at the Library of Parliament House.
After inception of the Indian Constitution, around 94 amendments (alterations) have been done.
Satyamev Jayate (one of the biggest Indian motto) is taken from the Mundaka Upanishad, Atharvaveda. It was first translated in Hindi language by the Abid Ali in 1911.
It was Madan Mohan Malviya who had selected the Indian motto of Satyamev Jayate.
Jana Gana Mana (National Anthem) was written first in Bengali language by the Rabindranath Tagore.
Jana Gana Mana (National Anthem) was first translated into Hindi language by the Abid Ali in 1911 which was later officially adopted as National Anthem of India in 1950 on 24th of January.
The lyrics and music of Indian national anthem was given by Rabindranath Tagore in 1911.
National Anthem of India was first sung in the meeting of Indian National Congress, Calcutta on 27th of December, 1911.
National Anthem of India takes 52 seconds to sing or play.
The first President of India, Dr. Rajendra Prasad took oath (at Durbar Hall of government house) first time on 26th of January in 1950.
21 gun salutes are given every year when the President of India hoists the national flag on republic Day to mark the honour.
Republic Day celebration of India lasts after three days by singing the song ‘Abide by Me’ (it is a most popular tune and favourite of Mahatma Gandhi, a Christian hymn) during the Beating Retreat.
Beating Retreat ceremony is held on 29th of January at Vijay Chowk with the performance of Indian Army, Air Force and Navy bands. It marks the end of Republic day celebrations in India.
Indian Constitution is only calligraphed and not printed and only 1000 copies are written till date.
There is rule that the President of country would address on the Republic Day whereas the Prime Minister of the country would address on the Independence Day.
A garland is placed at Amar Jawan Jyoti at every national occasion by the Prime Minister to pay tribute to the brave soldiers of India who had sacrificed their lives in fighting for the Indian Independence.
Republic day of India is a great when all the deserving candidates are honoured with bravery awards such as Param Veer Chakra, Maha Veer Chakra, Veer Chakra, Kirti Chakra and Ashoka Chakra.
President Sukarno of Indonesia was the first chief guest at the first Republic Day Celebration of India on 26th of January, 1950.
Malik Gulam Mohammed (first governor general of Pakistan) was the first chief guest of the Rajpath parade in 1955 (Republic Day Parade was started first time).
Dr. Bhimrao Ambedakar was the chairman of Indian constitution draft committee.
The idea of division of power between union and state has been taken from Canadian constitution, fundamental duty from Soviet Union, directorial elements from constitution of Ireland, republican administration system from French constitution and the emergency carriage system from Germany constitution.
The custom of offering the gallantry awards to the children was started by the government of India in 1957 for bravery achievements of children in different fields on the republic day.
26th of January was decided to be celebrated every year as the “Swaraj Diwas” in 1950.
Prior to 1955, Republic day of India were not celebrated on Rajpath prior to 1955.
Prior to 1955 (until 1954), the Indian republic day celebrations were performed on the “Kingsway”, “Lal Kila”, and “Ramlila Ground”.
The chief guest on republic day celebration, 1961 was Queen Elizabeth from Britain.
On 26th of January in 1965 Hindi language was declared as our national language of India.
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Saturday, December 23, 2017

Common Differences between words

_*👀Common Differences between words👀*_

*Bring & Take*

*Bring* is a verb that means to carry something to or toward the speaker. Bring is always used when the object is moved to where the speaker is.

*Example*
The boss can ask her secretary to bring all the reports to her office.
⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐

*Take* is a verb that means to carry something away from the speaker or the speaker's position.
Like *bring*, it means to carry, but the direction is now away from the speaker, or to a place where the speaker is not located.

*Example*
If you're going to Paris, be sure to take your camera with you!
😣😣😣😣😣😣😣

Friday, December 22, 2017

ALL THAT GLITTERS IS NOT GOLD

ALL THAT GLITTERS IS NOT GOLD
👑👑👑👑👑👑👑👑
When something seems too good to be true, it probably isn’t true at all. The story of Karl Rabeder who was once a millionaire, is one of those stories. He had a nice house, fancy cars and he stayed in expensive, five star hotels. But one day, he decided to give it all up. Well, at least that’s what he claimed to do.

According to Karl, he was on a luxurious vacation with his wife in Hawaii, when he was suddenly overcome with a feeling of emptiness. He decided right then and there that he was going to give away all of his money and material possessions to charity. He wanted to live a simple life in a wooden hut in the mountains.

“My idea is to have nothing left. Absolutely nothing,” he said.

People all over lauded him for his selflessness. He became well-known and started to coach others, steering them towards less superficial lives. And yet, something seemed fishy. For example, instead of giving his house away, he raffled it off. He sold tickets for 99 euros and ended up collecting two million euros from selling the tickets, even though his house was only worth 500,000. Some thought this was an ingenious way to make money for charity, but others were skeptical.

‘All that glitters is not gold’ is a common English expression that means that not everything we hear or see is true or correct. Karl said he donated the proceeds to several non-profit organizations, but when the organizations were contacted they said they received very little support from him.

And when reporters went to visit Karl at his hut in the mountains, he was nowhere to be found. They reported later that the place was unlivable.

So what really happened here? Did Karl use a feel good story to dupe everyone, so that he could stir up publicity for a new business venture?

Further investigation revealed that he was deeply in debt before he’d decided to give away all of his things. And even though he’d sold his business, he was still making money by lecturing about his choice to give all of his money away. Ironically, he spoke and wrote a lot about how money can’t buy happiness.

In the end, Karl’s story is questionable, at best. But the message he preaches might be worth spreading. What do you think? Is Karl’s lie forgivable since his message could be good for humanity?
🙂🙂🙂🙂
claimed
stated something to be true
luxurious
fancy, often expensive
overcome
overwhelmed, having intense feelings
lauded
praised
selflessness
to think of others before yourself
steering
encouraging someone towards something
superficial
shallow, materialistic
fishy
suspicious
raffle (something) off
sell tickets to people in exchange for a chance to win something
ingenious
uncommonly smart, clever
skeptical
doubtful, uncertain
feel good story
a story meant to make people feel good
dupe
trick
stir up
create or cause
ironically
the opposite of what is expected
questionable
not completely believable
preaches
speaks about, advocates
😁😁😁😁
https://deepenglish.com/2016/01/all-that-glitters-is-not-gold/
🙃🙃🙃🙃
https://youtu.be/gBHZlEXc5rg
😋😋😋😋
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_that_glitters_is_not_gold
😎😎😎😎😎😎😎😎
SHAILESH RAMANUJ

NATIONAL MATHEMATICS DAY

NATIONAL MATHEMATICS DAY
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In India, the National Mathematics Day is observed on December 22 every year. It is celebrated in order to honor the birth anniversary of the famous mathematician Sir Srinivasa Ramanujan. He was the world famous mathematician who made remarkable contributions in different fields and branches of the subject mathematics.

NATIONAL MATHEMATICS DAY 2017
National Mathematics Day 2017 will be celebrated on 22nd December, Friday across the nation.


HISTORY OF NATIONAL MATHEMATICS DAY
The great Srinivasa Ramanujan took birth on December 22 in the year 1887 in Erode situated in the city of today’s Tamil Nadu. He read mathematics voraciously and started developing his own research in isolation in the beginning. Srinivasa was an autodidact; he was a self-taught person and never had any formal training in mathematics. He first solved the formal and regular mathematics when he was 10 years old. When he was at the school, he received several merit certificates and academic awards.

Ramanujan has greatly contributed towards mathematical analysis, number theory, infinite series and continued fractions. In the year 1913, Srinivasa Ramanujan came in contact with the European mathematicians for further developing his knowledge and interest towards mathematics. He was also elected to various societies organized for the debate and discussion on mathematics. He started exchanging letters with the world famous mathematician G. H. Hardy and ultimately moved to England in the year 1914. He spent around 5 years at Cambridge and issued a number of papers during his stay there.

For his memorable and great contributions towards mathematics, the birth anniversary of Srinivasa Ramanujan was declared as the National Mathematics Day in the year 2012 by the then Prime Minister of India Dr. Manmohan Singh.  The year 2012 was celebrated as the National Mathematics Year across the country India for the first time.

WHY IS NATIONAL MATHEMATICS DAY CELEBRATED?
National Mathematics Day is celebrated in India for paying tribute to the great mathematicians of India. The former Prime Minister of India Dr. Manmohan Singh spoke about the great contributions of the world famous mathematicians and emphasized the necessity to carry their legacy forward by celebrating National Mathematics Day. The great Indian mathematicians such as Brahmagupta, Aryabhata, and Srinivasa Ramanujan have played a significant role in developing different formulas, theorems and theories on mathematics in India. And thus, it is important to promote and cultivate the magnificent tradition of Indian mathematics by celebrating National Mathematics Day.

The Prime Minister inaugurated the Centre for Higher Mathematics named after Ramanujan at the Alagappa University. He also said that the application of mathematics had been broadly accepted in the study of Economics, Science and various other disciplines.

Dr. Singh also acknowledged that our nation is short of proficient mathematicians and it is the duty of the community of mathematics to promote and make possible the research and study of mathematics as an educational discipline in India.

Dr. Singh paid tribute to the legendary Srinivasa Ramanujan and said that he was the great son of Tamil Nadu and India who made a remarkable contribution to the world of Mathematics worldwide. In order to remember and honor his memorable contributions to mathematics, the Indian government decided and announced to celebrate the National Mathematics Day annually on the birthday of Ramanujan. The year 2012 was declared as the National Mathematical Year.

The Governor of Tamil Nadu K. Rosaiah acknowledged that it was the hard work, vividness, and enthusiasm that made Srinivasa Ramanujan a legendary mathematician. The universities are also appealed to encourage students for research and development in mathematics. By celebrating the national mathematics day, a platform for research and development can be created. This platform would help the students and researchers to continue the legacy of development which had been long left behind by the original and founding fathers of mathematics and science.

HOW IS NATIONAL MATHEMATICS DAY CELEBRATED?
National Mathematics Day is celebrated across India at different schools, Colleges, Universities and Educational Institutions of India.

The announcement to celebrate National Mathematics Day on 22nd December was declared by Dr. Manmohan Singh, the former Prime Minister on the 125th birthday of Srinivasa Ramanujan.

The International Society UNESCO (The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) and India agreed to work together for spreading the joy of learning and understanding mathematics. They also take various steps in educating the students on Mathematics and spread the knowledge to the students and learners throughout the world.


NASI (The National Academy of Sciences India) is the oldest Science Academy located in Allahabad. In order to celebrate the National Mathematics Day, NASI organized a 3-day workshop under the title ‘Emerging development in Mathematics and applications of Ramanujan in the area of q-Hyper geometric series’. The workshop was attended by the popular lecturers and experts in the field of mathematics from across the nation. The speakers spoke about the great contributions made by Srinivasa Ramanujan in the field of Mathematics in the country and the world level. The work of Ramanujan in the field of cryptography was also praised at the conference and the numerous theorems he created was appreciated too.

All the states in India celebrate National Mathematics Day in different ways. Various competitions and mathematical quiz are held at the school, college and university level. Mathematics genius and students from across India participate in events held on the day. The School of Mathematical Sciences of North Maharashtra University (NMU) located in Jalgaon celebrated the National Mathematics Day with great enthusiasm in the year 2015. Different types of Objective Test Competition, Quiz Competition, and Poster Presentation Competition were held. Suggested themes were ‘Indian Mathematics’, Mathematics for Life’ and ‘Application of Mathematics’. The themes and competition are basically intended to develop the knowledge of emerging students in the field of mathematics.

A Workshop on “Historical Progression of Mathematics” was also held at Jalgaon in 2015 celebration. It was planned for the Teachers of the College and the students at the Research Department of Mathematics. The workshop was an endeavor to offer a common platform for young teachers and researchers of the colleges. National Mathematics Day celebration focuses more on the Promotion and Development of Research related to Mathematics and the Prospects present in different fields of Mathematics.

SOME MORE SUGGESTIONS FOR CELEBRATING NATIONAL MATHEMATICS DAY
India owns legendary Mathematicians such as Brahmagupta, Aryabhata, and Srinivasa Ramanujan. These legendaries have not only shaped the face of Indian Mathematics but have also gained tremendous popularity worldwide.

Every state in India must recognize the great contributions made by these mathematicians and celebrate the National Mathematics Day with great zeal and enthusiasm. The schools, colleges, and Universities at the state level must organize quiz, competitions and other cultural events for the celebration. This would not only create competitiveness in the students but would also enhance their knowledge.

The Engineering Colleges and Technical Institutes must also celebrate National Mathematics Day and Researchers and Developers from across the nation should be invited to deliver lectures and share their knowledge and experience. This would motivate the emerging engineering students. It would also offer a common platform to collectively tackle the problems faced in the field of mathematics.

About Srinivasa Ramanujan

Srinivasa Ramanujan is one of the greatest Indian mathematicians whose aids and contributions gave an entirely new meaning to mathematics. He was born on December 22, 1887, in Erode situated in Tamil Nadu, India. His theory of numbers consists of revolutionary findings of the properties of the functions of partition.

When he was only 15 years old, he found a copy of ‘Synopsis of Elementary Results in Pure and Applied Mathematics written by George Shoobridge Carr in the year 1886. The book is significant as it was the main source of information for the self-taught and legendary mathematician Srinivasa Ramanujan. It is also been said that the book played a huge role and is a key factor in arousing the brilliance and intelligence of Ramanujan. He reportedly studied and followed in detail each and every contents of the book.

After verifying the results and descriptions in Carr’s book, Srinivasa Ramanujan went beyond and developed his own ideas and theorems. In 1903 he won a scholarship to the ‘University of Madras but lost it later in the following year as he ignored all other studies related to mathematics. This did not discourage him and he continued his research and work without any employment. He lived in the poorest conditions and was determined towards his research work. He got married in the year 1909 and started searching for everlasting employment; this led him to meet one of the government officials, Mr. Ramachandra Rao. Mr. Rao was highly impressed by the mathematical knowledge and prowess of Ramanujan. Mr. Rao even agreed to support Ramanujan’s research for a certain time. But Ramanujan was not willing to continue with any work on charity and ultimately he obtained a clerical position with the Port Trust, Madras.

In the year 1911, Ramanujan got his first paper issued in the Journal confined to the Society of the Indian Mathematics. His outstanding ability and intelligence gradually started gaining popularity and in the year 1913, he started communicating with Godfrey H. Hardy, the famous British mathematician. This interaction helped Ramanujan in gaining a special scholarship from the Madras University and a funding from Trinity College in Cambridge. Ramanujan overcame his religious protests and traveled to England in the year 1914 to meet Hardy. He enhanced his knowledge further and Hardy taught him several formulas, theorems, etc related to mathematics. Hardy even did some research in association with Ramanujan during his stay in England.

Ramanujan’s worked out the majority of the mathematics formulas himself and his knowledge was amazing. Even though, Ramanujan was nearly unacquainted of the modern developments which were taking place in mathematics, his expertise over continued fractions was incomparable with any mathematician that lived during that time. He worked upon the elliptic integrals, the functional and practical equations of the zeta function, the Riemann series, the hyper geometric series and his own theory of various series.

Ramanujan made complementary advances during his stay in England. He especially improved his knowledge and wrote several papers describing a partition of numbers. His papers got issued in English and in European journals. He even got elected to the Royal Society of London Royal Society in the year in 1918. Unfortunately, in the year 1917, Ramanujan got contracted with tuberculosis. His condition though improved significantly and he returned to India in the year 1919. Ramanujan passed away the following year on April 26, 1920, in Kumbakonam. He left behind 3 notebooks and a bundle of pages which was also known as the “lost notebook”. The bundle contained several unpublished results of mathematics that were continued to be studied and verified by different mathematicians for a long time post his death.

Conclusion

India has produced various scholars in different fields. One of such legendaries is Srinivasa Ramanujan who made an astonishing contribution to the mathematical analysis, infinite series, and number theory. He also introduced several equations and formulas. The Ramanujan theta and Ramanujan Prime discovered by S. Ramanujan has been inspiring various researchers for further research and development on the subject. Thus, by celebrating National Mathematics Day on the birth anniversary of Srinivasa Ramanujan, we would pay tribute to this legend and would also be able to sustain the mathematical culture of India.
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SHAILESH RAMANUJ

Thursday, December 21, 2017

WORLD REFUGEE DAY

WORLD REFUGEE DAY
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WORLD REFUGEE DAY 2017
World Refugee Day 2017 will be celebrated all through the world by the people on 20th of June, at Tuesday.


WORLD REFUGEE DAY HISTORY
World Refugee Day is observed every year by the people on 20th of June in order to raise the public awareness about refugee’s situations throughout the world. Celebrating World Refugee Day annually on 20th of June was declared by the United Nations General Assembly in the Resolution 55/76 on 4th of December in 2000. It was started celebrating worldwide as an annual event from 2001 on every 20th of June.

The World Refugee Day celebration of 2001 has marked as the 50th anniversary of 1951 Convention Refugees status by the United Nations General Assembly. It has been started celebrating in several countries all around the world from 2000. It is celebrated on different dates and weeks in many countries.

WHY WORLD REFUGEE DAY IS CELEBRATED
World refugee day is celebrated every year on 20th of June to support millions of families all over the world who have lost their homes and dear ones because of violence or war. The day was established by the General Assembly of United Nations for the refugees to honor them for their courage of facing lots of problems after losing homes due to conflict or violence and their contributions to their communities. World refugee day celebration provides an opportunity to all to help the refugees worldwide to rebuild their quality lives through lots of related activities.

Refugees are provided variety of lifesaving assistance, safety and protection by the government agencies and organizations. They are provided tents, shelter, living materials supplies and served with the life-saving services. The goal of celebrating this event is increasing public awareness among common public by sharing the related refugee stories.

It is celebrated to remind people about the all failures of an international community or home conflicts which forced lots of families to leave their home and go another place to save their life. The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) has taken big steps for immediate support to all the humanitarian needs of the refugees. However, it needs some important actions by the governments and other private organizations as well on national and regional level to fully control the refugee’s condition.

It is celebrated to eliminate all the horrific violence from the countries and community which is the main reason of people’s displacement and formation of refugee. 55% of all the refugees come from Afghanistan, Iraq, Somalia, Syria and Sudan. The event is established to prevent huge scale difficulties leading to the violence in the international communities and to promote the life saving solutions for refugees.

Refugees are taken as the asset and strength of the country and not as the burden. They are survivors and should get proper help and support timely. It is very necessary to draw people’s attention towards the refugee’s conditions to honor their courage and solve their problems.

HOW WORLD REFUGEE DAY IS CELEBRATED
World refugee day event is celebrated by organizing variety of related activities all through the world to increase awareness among society and to highlight over the issues contributing to the conditions of refugees in the society. Some of the activities include:

Participants involved in the event celebration protests against holding the migrants and asylum seekers to the prison.
Refugee’s real stories are screened as a movie to show their life styles.
Association members of the organization provide moral support to the refugees by meeting them in the imprisonment.
Requesting government organizations for better management of the asylum seekers.
Awareness activities are carried out by the celebrities, humanitarian aid workers, civilians and other famous group people for more effect.
People living in the community are encouraged to participate in the event celebration through the social media.
Refugee camps are organized to solve their problems by distributing them shelters, necessary goods, tents, plastic sheets, blankets and etc.
They are also availed with free clinics, schools, water resources and etc for supporting them psychosocially and physically.
Discussions and debates activities are organized in the schools and colleges.


WORLD REFUGEE DAY THEME
The annual celebration of the world refugee day is based on the particular theme of the year to effectively run the campaign. Some of the year wise themes are mentioned below:
The theme of 2015 was “With courage let us all combine”.
The theme of 2014 was “Migrants and Refugees: Towards a Better World”.
The theme of 2013 was “Take 1 minute to support a family forced to flee”.
The theme of 2012 was “1 family torn apart by war is too many”.
The theme of 2011 was “1 refugee without hope is too many.”
The theme of 2010 was “1 refugee forced to flee is too many”.
The theme of 2009 was “Home”.
The theme of 2008 was “Protection”.
The theme of 2007 was “Perseverance.”
The theme of 2006 was “Hope”.
The theme of 2005 was “Courage”.
The theme of 2004 was “Courage”.
The theme of 2003 was “Refugee Youth: Building the Future”.
The theme of 2002 was “Tolerance”.
The theme of 2001 was “Respect”.
WORLD REFUGEE DAY QUOTES
“I urge you to celebrate the extraordinary courage and contributions of refugees past and present.” – Kofi Annan, UN Secretary-General
“Displaced societies are of value. Their issues are our issues.” – Cynthia Basinet
“Despite very harsh living conditions and the trauma of what they went through, they [Sudanese refugees] had a lot of dignity.” – Julien Clerc
“They are safe but they are not in their homes. They are city-less. I think it’s just a disaster for everyone.” – Teri Hatcher
“In countries where people have to flee their homes because of persecution and violence, political solutions must be found, peace and tolerance restored, so that refugees can return home. In my experience, going home is the deepest wish of most refugees.” – Angelina Jolie
“Refugees have done more for my heart and my spirit than I can ever express in words.” – Angelina Jolie
“World Refugee Day is an important opportunity to remind us about the ongoing plight of millions of refugees around the world.” – Robert Alan Silvestein
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ESSAY ON ETHICS

ESSAY ON ETHICS
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Ethics is a branch of philosophy that defines the concepts of right and wrong within a society. The ethics defined by various societies are more or less the same. The concept is simple however since each human being is different from the other hence it can be a cause of conflict at times.

Ethics and aesthetics both are the sub-branches of the branch of philosophy called Axiology. The concept of ethics is largely based on the culture and religion of a society. Here are some essays on ethics to help you with the topic in your exam. You can select any ethics essay as per your need:

LONG AND SHORT ESSAY ON ETHICS
ETHICS ESSAY 1 (200 WORDS)
Ethics help in answering the questions of human morality by providing a set definition for the concepts of right and wrong, good and evil, vice and virtue and so on. When in doubt we always think about the moral and ethical values we have been taught since our early years and almost immediately get clarity of thoughts.

While the ethics have been set for the well being of the society and the overall good of the people living there, these can even be a cause of unhappiness for some. This is because people have gone overboard with these. For instance, in earlier times women in Indian culture were seen as home makers. They were not allowed to go out and work or question the decisions of the male members of the family. While these days women are being given freedom to go out and work and take various decisions on their own, many people still stick to the ethics and norms defined centuries back. They still believe that a woman’s place is in the kitchen and that it is ethically wrong for her to go out and work.

So while ethics and moral values must be embedded in people for the smooth functioning of the society and must be redefined from time to time for the proper growth and development of individuals as well as the society as a whole.

ETHICS ESSAY 2 (300 WORDS)
Introduction

The term ethics has been derived from the Ancient Greek word Ethos that means habit, custom or character. This is what ethics are in the real sense. A person’s habits and character speak volumes about the ethical values he/she possesses. In other words, a person’s ethical values define his character. We are all told as to what is good and what is bad based on the ethical norms set by the society.

The Philosophy of Ethics

The philosophy of ethics is deeper than it appears on the surface level. It is divided into three arenas. These are the normative ethics, applied ethics and meta-ethics. Here is a brief look at these three categories:

Normative Ethics: It deals with the content of moral judgement. It analyses the questions that spring up while considering how to act in different situations.

Applied Ethics: This category analyses the norms set about the way a person is supposed to or rather allowed to behave in a given situation. It deals with controversial topics such as animal rights and nuclear weapons.

Meta- Ethics: This field of ethics questions how we understand the concept of right and wrong and what all we know about it. It basically looks at the origin and fundamental meaning of the ethical principles.

While the ethical realists believe that individuals realize ethical truths that already exist, ethical non-realists, on the other hand, are of the opinion that individuals explore and invent ethical truths on their own. Both have their own arguments to back their opinions.

Conclusion

Most people blindly follow the ethics defined by the society. They stick to habits that are considered good as per the ethical norms and refrain from indulging in those that are considered to break these norms. However, there are some who question these values and go by what they think is right or wrong.

ETHICS ESSAY 3 (400 WORDS)
Introduction

Ethics are defined as moral principles that describe the norms of good and bad and right and wrong. As per French Author, Albert Camus, “A man without ethics is a wild beast loosed upon this world”.

Types of Ethics

Ethics have broadly been classified into four different categories. Here is a brief look at these:

Duty Ethics: This category associates ethics with religious beliefs. Also known as deontological ethics, these ethics categorise behaviours and acts as being right or wrong. People are expected to act as per them to fulfil their duty. These ethics are taught to us from the very beginning.

Virtue Ethics: This category relates ethics with a person’s personal behaviour. It focuses on a person’s moral values, the way he thinks and the kind of character he bears. Virtue ethics are also embedded in us since our childhood. We are taught what is right and wrong even though there is no logic behind it in many cases.

Relativistic Ethics: As per this, everything is equal. Each individual has the right to analyse the situation and form his own version of right and wrong. The advocates of this theory strongly believe that what may be right for one person may not be correct for the other. Also what is correct in certain situation may not be appropriate in the other.

Consequential Ethics: During the age of Enlightenment, there was a quest for rationalism. This category of ethics is associated with that quest. As per this ethical theory, the outcome of an individual’s behaviour determines the wrongness or rightness of his behaviour.

Ethics Differ in Different Cultures

As per some, ethics are the values that must be taught since childhood and that one must strictly abide by them. A person who defies these is considered to be ethically wrong. Some people are quite rigid about following the ethical codes. They constantly judge others based on their behaviour. On the other hand, there are people who are flexible about the same and believe that these can be altered to some extent based on the situation.

Now, the basic code of conduct and ethics expected from individuals is almost the same across nations. However, there may be certain ethical behaviours that may be right as per certain cultures but not accepted in others. For instance, in the Western countries women have the freedom to wear any kind of dress they want but in many of the eastern countries wearing short dresses is considered ethically wrong.

Conclusion

There are various schools of thoughts that have their own versions of ethics. Many people go by the norms of right and wrong others make their own version.

ETHICS ESSAY 4 (500 WORDS)
Introduction

Ethics define the way a person should behave in any given situation. They are embedded in us from our childhood and almost every decision we make in our life is largely influenced by our ethical values. A person is considered good or bad based on his/ her ethical conduct.

Ethics hold immense importance in both our personal and professional life. A person who holds high ethical values, truly believes in them and follows them would be much more sorted as compared to those who follow the set ethical norms but do not really believe in the same. Then, there is yet another category of people – those who do not believe in the ethical norms and thus do not follow them. These may be a cause of disruption of peace in the society.

Importance of Ethics in Our Personal Life

The minds of the people are conditioned as per the accepted moral and ethical values existent in the society they are brought up in. The importance of ethics cannot be undermined. A child needs to be taught what behaviour is accepted in the society and what is not from the very beginning in order for him to live in harmony with the society. This system has basically been put in place so that people know how to act right and maintain peace and harmony in the society.

Taking decisions becomes easier for people as the right and wrong has already been defined. Imagine if the right doings and wrong doings were not defined, everyone would act as per their will based on their own versions of right and wrong. This would make things chaotic and give rise to crime.

Importance of Ethics in Our Professional Life

Maintaining ethical conduct is extremely important at work place. Besides the basic ethics and values defined by the society, every organization determines its set of ethical values. Every individual working in that organization must follow them to maintain the code of conduct. Some examples of common ethical codes set by organizations can be to treat employees fairly, deal with honesty, never leak the company’s inside information, respect your co-workers and if something appears wrong with the company’s management or some employee it must be addressed politely and directly rather than creating unnecessary issue about the same.

Setting these workplace ethics helps in smooth functioning of the organization. Any employee seen violating the ethical code is issued warning letter or penalized in different ways based on the severity of the issue.

In case of absence of the set ethical codes in an organization, things are likely to become chaotic and unmanageable. It is thus essential for every organization to set these norms. Ethical codes in an organization do not only help in ensuring good work environment but also teach the employees as how to deal with the clients in different situations.

A company’s ethical code basically echoes its core values and responsibilities.

Conclusion

Setting an ethical code for the society as well as at work places and other institutions is essential. It helps the people recognize as to what is right and what is wrong and encourages them to behave the right way.

ETHICS ESSAY 5 (600 WORDS)
Introduction

Ethics are defined as a system that determines what is right or wrong. This system has been built to ensure the well-being of individuals and society as a whole. A person possessing high ethical values is the one who conforms to the ethical norms set by the society without questioning them.

Ethics Vs Morals

Ethics and moral values are usually used interchangeably. However, there is a difference between the two. While ethics are the standards set by the culture one follows, the society one dwells in and the organization one works in to ensure that a person behaves righteously, moral values on the other hand are embedded in a person’s behaviour and define his character.

Ethics are based on external factors. For instance, women in the Middle-Eastern culture are required to cover themselves from head to toe. In certain middle-eastern countries they are not allowed to work or even go out without being accompanied by a man. If a woman tries to challenge this norm, she is considered to be ethically wrong. Ethical behaviour is also set based on a person’s profession. For instance, doctors, policemen and teachers are expected to behave in a certain manner to fulfil their professional duty. They cannot go against the ethical code set for them.

The moral values of a person are mainly influenced by his culture and the family atmosphere. These are the principles he creates for himself. These principles define his character and he takes his personal decisions based on these. While the ethical code one is expected to follow may vary based on the organization he works with and the society he lives in, the moral values of a person remain the same throughout. However, certain events in a person’s life may change his beliefs and he may imbibe different values based on the same.

How Are Ethics and Moral Values Related to Each Other?

As mentioned above, ethics are imposed on us by the society and moral values are our own understanding of what is right and what is wrong. These are closely related to each other. An individual whose moral values match the ethical standards set by the society is considered to have high moral values. For instance, a man who respects his parents and obeys everything they say, visits the temple daily, gets back home on time and spends time with his family is said to have good moral values.

On the other hand, an individual who may not be religiously inclined, may question what his parents say based on logic, hang out with friends and return late from the office may be considered to be one with low moral values as he does not conform to the ethical code set by the society. Even if this person is not harming anyone or is not doing anything wrong he would still be considered one with low morals. While this may not be so in every culture but in India people are judged based on such behaviour.

Conflict between Moral Values and Ethics

At times, people are caught between their moral values and the defined ethical code. While their moral values may stop them from doing something, the ethical code set by their profession might require them to do so. For instance, the corporate culture these days is such that you may be required to have a drink or two to build PR during the official parties. While it is alright as per the ethical code of the organization and may even be required at times to maintain relations with the clients, a person’s moral values may suggest him to do otherwise.

Conclusion

Ethical codes are set to ensure peace and harmony in the society. However, these must not be blindly passed on from generation to generation. This is because what may be right during one age or culture might not be appropriate when applied to another.
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MEATLESS DAY

MEATLESS DAY
====================
The International Meatless Day is celebrated on November 25 every year across the globe. It is also known as the International Vegetarian Day. This day is special in the sense that it marks the birth of Sadhu T.L. Vaswani, who was a great Indian educationist and began the Mira movement for the upliftment of Indian education system. He had also established St. Mira’s School in the city of Hyderabad, Sindh. It is in the year 1986 that the campaign for International Meatless Day was started by the Sadhu Vaswani Mission. The Sadhu Vaswani Mission is an organization for social service having a spiritual aim to serve mankind, particularly the underprivileged and oppressed section of society. The day also holds importance for the Animal Rights Group.


INTERNATIONAL MEATLESS DAY 2017
International Meatless Day, 2017 will be celebrated on Saturday, November 25.

HISTORY OF INTERNATIONAL MEATLESS DAY
It was proposed in the year 1986 that November 25 – the birthday of Sadhu Vaswani will be celebrated as the International Meatless Day. The day was chosen with a view to take ahead the life and preaching of Sadhu T.L. Vaswani, who had strongly urged the masses globally to adopt vegetarian living. When the campaign started, it garnered huge support and achieved significant success as hundreds and thousands of people had send their vows to this mission to support the cause and go meatless on this day.

Four Indian state governments, viz. Gujarat, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka have issued the notice for shutting down the butchers’ shops as well as slaughter houses on November 25, every year in their given states.

WHY INTERNATIONAL MEATLESS DAY IS CELEBRATED?
International Meatless Day aka SAK Meatless Day is an integral part of the Sadhu Vaswani Mission. SAK means Stop All Killing Association. The association is headed by Dada J.P Vaswani – the spiritual guru as well as chief of the Sadhu Vaswani Mission. This association is dedicated to the endorsement of a world order founded on the non-violence principle. The people associated with this mission believe that “All Life” must be revered and considered as sacred. This is the first step one can take towards ensuring World Peace. Thus, this mission has a larger mission and not just restricted to preventing animal slaughter.

How often do we find people associating meat eating with world peace? Rarely, right! But this SAK Group believes that the two are interconnected. As long as birds and animals are killed as a source of food for human beings, peace will not be restored on this earth because if a man can slay an animal for food, he can also slay a fellow man to whom he takes as his opponent. The group believes that the chief reason behind world wars is a sense of disrespect towards life.

Also, they believe that when human beings have a set of rights, then why animals are deprived of it? It’s high time when all the lovers of animals should come together and formulate the Animal Rights Charter as well as a charter for laying down the duties of man towards the animal species. Animals have the right to live on this earth as much as we do and therefore even they are entitled to some fundamental rights. And the right that should come very first in the list is that every animal should be allowed to live on this planet without any fear.

No man has a right to take away what he cannot give because when we cannot grant life to a lifeless being we are not even entitled to take the life of one.

HOW INTERNATIONAL MEATLESS DAY IS CELEBRATED?
The International Meatless Day is celebrated by spreading awareness amongst the people about the campaign called the meatless day. On this day, peace marches are organized in the city of Pune as well as other cities in the month of November each year. Hundreds and thousands of students from schools and colleges take to streets proliferating the Meatless Day campaign and urging people to show reverence towards anything that has life, thereby considering it as a first step towards establishing world peace.

In fact, on this day meatless newsletters are also circulated between the months of August and November to encourage vegetarianism and of course the meatless day.

Since SAK or Stop Killing Association has multiple branches as well as volunteers all over the world – they ask all humanity to join hands with them by refraining themselves from all sorts of food that symbolizes violence – if not for always, but at least for that particular day.


Moreover, following are the various other ways through which this day is celebrated:

§  People are asked to submit a pledge of going without meat at least on this day.

§  Protecting animals from the butcher houses.

§  Placing a request in the hotels as well as asking caterers to abstain from serving meat on 25th November and rather march for peace on this day.

§   The SAK group works in the long term for protecting the animal rights by writing articles in the press and circulating newsletters.

§  Banners are also put up on the roads in order to push the government for formulating rules and laws to secure the rights of animals.

§  Schools are approached so that children can be educated about the need for developing compassion towards animals and the sin of eating meat.

§  Medical camps for animals are run by the Sadhu Vaswani Mission that owns movable Veterinarian Clinics. Then, mouth vaccinations to animals are provided in the village areas for free.

§  Rallies, peace marches and vegetarian food festivals are organized everywhere in order to raise awareness towards this cause.

With every passing year the popularity of International Meatless Day is growing with the growing number of supporters as well as pledges. The pledges are received from every corner of the world, such as London, Spain, Germany, West Indies, Singapore, Casablanca, St. Maarten and New Jersey, to name a few.

Important Animal Rights Supported by SAK Group

1. Right to Live

The right to live for animals entails putting a complete ban on the killing of muted beings. This right upholds animals’ right to live without having any fear of getting slaughtered for food, for commercial purposes or for pleasure derived from ‘hunting’.

2. Right to Shelter and Food

The right to shelter and food suggests that animals whether domesticated or not should be given shelter not only when they are sick or old, but also during regular days so that they can be protected from sun, rain and cold. In addition, animals should be provided with enough grassland, grazing grounds and forests for food.

3. Right to Freedom from harassment, cruelty and physical traumas

This right is created to protect animals from every possible form of exploitation, such as twisting, beating, over loading, caging, starving, tying, etc. Then, delivery of animals by force for curly fowls, dissection for experiments in drugs, cosmetics, nuclear tests as well as chemicals should be completely banned.

4. Right to Freedom from Human Exploitation

According to this right, animals should not be harassed for pleasure or commercial purposes. To cite an instance, mostly injections are given to animals so that they may gain more flesh. Instead young calves should be provided with sufficient milk which is their right. Putritin injections which are used to obtain more milk should also be prohibited. Most importantly, animals should not be used for races, fights or circus entertainment.

5. Right to freedom from malnutrition and diseases

The right to freedom of animals from malnutrition and disease suggests that they are equally entitled, like that of man, to have preventive medicines through veterinary hospitals or veterinary clinics. Immediate medical attention should be given to animals residing within the boundaries of Human Habitat shelters.

6. Right to respect, love and security

This right suggests that humans should consider animals as their young siblings and that every creation of God is one family and all lives are blessed by God. It implies man’s responsibilities towards animal species as everyone lives on this same planet and therefore everyone has an equal claim over affection and love.

Conclusion

In the end, it can be said that the international meatless day is celebrated to sensitize human beings towards animal issues and the pain that mankind inflicts on them. In addition, the day also makes people conscious of their dietary requirements and that it is not wise to consume animal produce. The energy level and life expectancy of people improve when the intake of animal flesh is reduced and more and more plant-based foods are consumed.

With more and more people coming under the influence of the Meatless Day Campaign, they are seeing the benefits by saying ‘NO’ to such food as a hotdog, hamburger, rack of ribs or a slab of steak and saying ‘YES’ to a healthy vegetable curry or vegetable salad instead.

Also, the motive of this campaign is not make people become vegetarian overnight, but to help preserve this planet called earth and every possible living species so that it becomes a better place for everyone to live in. Just by avoiding meat consumption one can take a step forward to a better health as well as building a healthier ecological system for all. And, of course, a whole lot of animals will thus get one more day or more to live on this earth!
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ESSAY ON MONEY CAN’T BUY HAPPINESS

ESSAY ON MONEY CAN’T BUY HAPPINESS
==========================================
Happiness is an emotion that we discover inside our own selves as human beings. An object can make a person happy for a short while but happiness is for a lifetime. If somebody thinks money can buy happiness then that is not true happiness.

Money is given huge importance and the simple things which bring us true happiness are often overlooked. One of the things that give happiness is love. It does not cost anything but can fill your life with happiness. This feeling cannot be purchased. It cannot be traded for any amount of money in the world. Generally, people believe that they can make someone feel happy or loved with the help of money, and perhaps they can but only for a while. Here are essays of varying lengths on the topic Money can’t buy happiness. You can select anyone you need:


LONG AND SHORT ESSAY ON MONEY CAN’T BUY HAPPINESS
MONEY CAN’T BUY HAPPINESS ESSAY 1 (200 WORDS)
In general, Happiness is a difficult word to define. The way of measuring happiness is different for everyone. Few people trust that money can buy happiness, whereas others disagree. According to me, although having lots of money will surely provide us lot of ways to entertain ourselves but it can’t buy love and happiness.

Money can’t buy love and a happy life comes from having good friends and family who care about us. Our life becomes meaningful and happy when we are around loved ones. For example, I have read an article about a famous actress in Bollywood who died due to depression and was all alone during her last days. She had been a really popular actress because of her beauty and acting skills. Even though she was earning a huge fortune every year, she was not happy as she didn’t have any close friend or family who could take care of her. Whereas I have seen people who have a happy life without money because they are surrounded by people who love them and care for them.

In most cases people have to work hard to earn lots of money and due to which they have less time for their social life. Many businessmen work 6 days a week and earn good money but they don’t have the time to spend that money and remain stressed. People have money but if they don’t have the time to enjoy their life than it is worthless.

MONEY CAN’T BUY HAPPINESS ESSAY 2 (300 WORDS)
Introduction

This term happiness can be well explained by the happiness model. It is quite simple; Happiness refers to a greater presentation which can bring greater rewards. Let’s take a look at the Happiness Model:

The Happiness Model

According to this model, if you love what you do then it is obvious that you will be keen on knowing it better and will have a better clarity on the subject. With this clarity, you are bound to perform better which lead you to success and thus the reward attached to it.

A Psychological study has revealed that bigger happiness, comfort, and positivity can show the way to better performance. Whatsoever activity one is undertaking, he is sure to be successful when he is in a state of happiness. It enables him to perform at a superior level.

What does it bring?  It brings the rewards that you are aiming at. These can be both monetary and non-monetary. It can be a simple appreciation from your superior at work and receiving a pat on the back. On the other hand, it may also lead to the achievement of your sales target and attainment of the bonus attached to it, or a greater opportunity of getting a promotion.

The more constant and steady your happiness and optimistic outlook is, the better performance you will have in your pursuit.

A person will be more productive and more successful in whatever work he is doing if he is coming to work with excitement each day. In your personal life, it is not different.

Conclusion

You will reap the reward if you do what you love. You will generally perform better and will not only be more wealthy in monetary and non-monetary terms but you will also lead a more fulfilling and happy life. There is a world of opportunities. So get out into the world and enjoy what’s around.


MONEY CAN’T BUY HAPPINESS 3 (400 WORDS)
Introduction

A lot of people think that happiness can be acquired with the help of money, or that you need money to be happy. But there are a few of us that still believe that the best things in life are free. Many things that can make us truly happy cost nothing. Friends, family, relationships all are priceless. Such things cannot be bought and that is what real happiness is about. Several people think that material wealth or just plain money can make them happy, or can buy them the things they believe can make them happy.

Money can’t buy Happiness

Our family, friends, and relatives are the people that have been there for us all through our lives. All the memories we have with us were created with them and every story behind our bumps, bruises, embarrassments, dating experiences and all other extraordinary events is known to them. No amount of money on the planet could pay for that. Memories are formed and created hence they cannot be paid for or paid off. I have been a family oriented person, so I don’t appreciate why some people would think that money could buy happiness.

Lot of us think of our friends as treasures. A friend is somebody that likes you for what you are and who you are, and they continue to believe in you even when you stop believing in yourself. The friendship which we form is a tight bond and we get emotionally involved with people. Money can’t obstruct with our approach, nor can money buy us true friends. We as individuals would be very sorrowful without friends to tell our secrets to and having a shoulder to lean on when we need it.

I have personally seen people who buy clothes, accessories, food or anything to buy friends. It might work but only for a while and then it just goes to demonstrate once again that money cannot buy happiness.

Conclusion

The finest things in life are indeed free. We may occasionally take for granted the items we have, which are priceless. We might not realize how important love, family, and friends are, but when we really analyze it, we know that indeed the best things in life are free of cost. Money can only buy the materialistic things and relations that last for a short while whereas no money is required for the relations build with heart and emotions. Remember, money can’t buy you happiness but happiness can get you more money!

MONEY CAN’T BUY HAPPINESS 4 (500 WORDS)
Introduction

Can you be happy if you have a big mansion to stay, an indoor pool to bathe or a luxury car to drive. Or is it something related to the sense of freedom, love, relationship, and self-realization. There are basically two types of people who think that Money can’t buy happiness – Those who have an excess of money and still find themselves unhappy and those who have never had plenty of money.

What is Happiness?

What is happiness? Is it pleasure?

Is there any difference between happiness and pleasure?

Happiness is always defined differently by different people. Somebody’s happiness may be a bad fortune to the other. So what is ultimate happiness? It is something which differentiates you from the materialistic pleasures and you stay in constant bliss. You multiply your happiness by helping others, being calm and caring. This kind of happiness cannot be bought with money.

Needs V/S Wants

Life is very simple but we make it complicated. The basic rule of life includes ‘Needs and Wants’. The things which are basics for human survival like food, clothes, shelter etc are the needs. Sufficient money, electricity, education, and transport can also be counted as needs in modern day life. Once a man fulfils his basic needs, he doesn’t stop there, he desires for more. A salary hike, a better home in the city, expensive clothes, luxury vehicle and when he crosses this stage he wants even more like a world tour, a luxury villa and new hobbies like golf, sailing, etc.

So basically wants are never ending and if the happiness is dependent on these factors then it’s really hard to imagine that one will get happiness because he/she will be always indulged in acquiring more and more. It is good to be ambitious and money can be a good driving force to lead a comfortable life but when one becomes greedy and selfish then the ultimate goals of life are replaced with materialistic things. An achievement does bring happiness but for a short span. We work hard for years to achieve something but it vanishes in few days or months.

Is Money Important?

It will be wrong to say that money is not important. Just imagine, you are travelling somewhere with your family. In this journey, your goal is the journey itself and not the destination. That journey with family is the happiness but the fuel required to run the car throughout the journey requires money. If the fuel tank dries, you can still drive it on a slope but that will be risky. Human life also works the same way, money is essential to run the life and it is very difficult to survive without money. You struggle for happiness when earning money is the only goal in your life.

Happiness v/s Pleasure

You can acquire pleasure with money but actually you need a lot of money to buy pleasure. A wise man will not mix happiness with pleasure whereas a common man thinks pleasure as definitive happiness and at the end of the day he may find himself in depression, anger, loneliness but with a lot of money. There are several businessmen in India who earn in millions and can afford pleasures but they get happiness by doing social work and charity and that is the source of their happiness. Mr. Ratan Tata who is one of India’s top businessmen spends 60% of his earning to social service, NGO, and charity.

Conclusion

It should be noted that money is an essential part of modern life and one cannot survive without it but one should not make money as the sole source of happiness. Money can buy pleasures but not happiness and these two things should be kept different.

MONEY CAN’T BUY HAPPINESS 5 (600 WORDS)
Introduction

Happiness and honesty are some of the human attributes that cost nothing at all. As it is said, the best things in life are free and there are certain things in life where the currency has no value – like friends, family, and good memories.

True Happiness is Priceless

Some priceless possessions that are essential for happiness but cannot be bought are mentioned below:

An honest opinion from a loved one.
True friends who have your back.
A family you can always count on.
True love
Humour and laughter
Having a positive attitude
Doing a good deed
The first time someone says, “I love you.”
Quality time with your loved ones.
Having someone listen to you intently.
The love of your children, family, and significant other.
Pushing one to achieve something great.
Happiness and Other Things Money Cannot Buy

Clearly, money cannot buy happiness. What else can money not buy?

Love: Money can buy attraction, power, and lust but it cannot buy love. Love is an emotion that can only be felt and experienced. It is something intimate, heartfelt and mysterious.

Truth: Money may be able to buy authority but the truth is most powerful of all. Sometimes money is exhausted to shove beliefs or an agenda and can even be used to generate unfair study to strengthen an opinion. Sometimes, people are able to hide the truth with the help of money but not for long. In the end, no matter how much money is spent on forging the truth it will always be exposed.

Time: You will never get back the time you have spent. Each minute that has passed will never return. Despite so much scientific and medical advancements, there is no way that we can reverse the time or extend our life. No amount of money can turn the clock back so we should live our life to the fullest, work hard and enjoy what we have.

Peace: It has been seen that the wealthier a person, the less peace of mind he possesses. Money cannot buy you peace. Many individuals have spent countless amount of money to establish inner peace and this vast sum of money has never been able to come close to what we could define as peaceful. Peace does not depend on your bank statement. It depends on how you train your mind and set your expectations.

Talent: Money can certainly help you to enhance and develop a talent within you but you won’t be able to purchase talent or skill. Besides inborn talent, there is a zest to learn and gain knowledge to nurture a skill or talent. All this cannot be purchased with any amount of money.

These are all essential components of happiness!

Conclusion

“Money has never made a man happy and nor will it. There is nothing in its nature to produce happiness”. A precious and priceless asset, happiness is something no sum of money can ever buy. It is doubtlessly treasured more than any material item you possess.
======================

100 Adjectives Starting with J

100 Adjectives Starting with J
==============================
jade
jaded
jagged
jaggy
jailed
jain
jainist
jamaican
jammed
jangling
jangly
japanese
jarring
jaundiced
jaunty
javan
javanese
jawed
jawless
jazzy
jealous
jeering
jejune
jelled
jellied
jellylike
jerking
jerkwater
jerky
jesting
jesuitic
jesuitical
jet
jetting
jeweled
jewelled
jewish
jiggered
jihadi
jilted
jingling
jingly
jingoistic
jinxed
jittering
jittery
jobless
jocose
jocular
jocund
joined
joint
jointed
joking
jolly
jolted
jolting
jolty
jordanian
journalistic
jovial
jovian
jowly
joyful
joyless
joyous
jubilant
judaic
judaical
judgmental
judicable
judicial
judicious
jugular
juiceless
juicy
julian
jumbled
jumbo
jumentous
jumpy
jungian
jungly
junior
junoesque
jural
jurassic
juridic
juridical
jurisdictional
jurisprudential
juristic
just
justifiable
justificative
justificatory
justified
jutting
juvenile
juxtaposed

NAVY DAY Speech

NAVY DAY
===============
NAVY DAY IN INDIA
Navy day in India is observed on 4th of December every year to celebrate the magnificence, achievements and role of the naval force to the country. Indian navy is the marine branch (means naval branch) of the India’s armed forces which led by the President of India as a Commander-in-Chief of the Indian Navy. The Maratha emperor, Chhatarpati Shivaji Bhosle of the 17th century is considered as “Father of the Indian Navy”.


Navy of the India plays a great role in securing the marine borders of the country as well as enhancing the international relations of India through many ways like seaport visits, joint exercises, humanitarian missions, calamity relief and etc. Modern Indian navy has as undergone speedy renovation in order to improve the position of navy to the Indian Ocean region. According to the report, the strength of the Indian Navy includes of 58,350 personnel, an aircraft carrier, a big transport dock, 15 frigates, 8 guided missile destroyers, 24 corvettes, 13 conventional submarines, 1 nuclear attack submarine, 30 patrol vessels, 7 mine countermeasure vessels including variety of auxiliary ships.
NAVY DAY 2017
Navy Day 2017 in India would be celebrated at Monday, on 4th of December.

NAVY DAY CELEBRATION
India would celebrate the 42nd anniversary of the Indian navy this year (2013) on 4th of December in order to remember the daredevil attack on the naval base of Pakistan, at Karachi. In order to celebrate this occasion, the Western Naval Command of the Indian navy (headquarter is Mumbai) bring their ships and sailors for making the celebration excellent.

All the activities which to be conducted on the celebration of the event are planned by the eastern Naval Command at Visakhapatnam. Wreath laying ceremony is held at the war memorial (at RK Beach) followed by the operational demonstration to show the potential and resourcefulness of the naval submarines, ships, aircrafts and unique forces. Various aircrafts are shown by flying over the RK Beach that’s why people are requested by the authorities to keep the beach clean and litter free (avoid throwing food items) to keep away the birds in that particular area for smooth demonstration of the aircraft (as presence of birds in the sky because of food items may cause hazards to the aircraft).

WHY NAVY DAY IS CELEBRATED
Navy Day in India is celebrated to commemorate the courageous attack on the Karachi harbor during the Indo-Pakistan war (at 4th of December in the year 1971) by the Indian Naval Missile boats as well as to reverence all the martyrs of that war. It is celebrated using a particular theme (like “Safe Seas and Secure Coasts for a strong Nation”) of the year for making it more powerful and potent.

A community service for the navy of India is conducted by the Naval Institute of Aeronautical Technology (NIAT) from 24th of November to the 26th of November at Good Hope Old Age Home, Fort Kochi in which the students from the Navy Children School Chair take parts to entertain the inmates and Naval doctors (from INHS Sanjivani) provides medical checkup to the inmates. Navy Ball, Navy Queen contests including the Navy fest are held to celebrate the navy day.


At this day the warships and aircrafts of the Indian naval are open to the visitors such as school children. The Military Photo Exhibition is also performed by photojournalists of the Ernakulum in the Navy fest.

THEMES OF NAVY DAY
Theme of 2015 was “Indian Navy – Ensuring Secure Seas for a Resurgent Nation.”
Theme of 2012 was “Indian Navy – Maritime Power for National Prosperity”.
Theme of 2008 was “Reaching Out to Maritime Neighbours”.
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And You think English is easy

*And You think English is easy?*

1) The bandage was *wound* around the *wound*.

2) The farm was used to *produce produce*.

3) The dump was so full that it had to *refuse* more *refuse*.

4) We must *polish* the *Polish* furniture..

5) He could *lead* if he would get the *lead* out.

6) The soldier decided to *desert* his dessert in the *desert*..

7) Since there is no time like the *present*, he thought it was time to *present* the *present*.

8) A *bass* was painted on the head of the *bass* drum.

9) When shot at, the *dove dove* into the bushes.

10) I did not *object* to the *object*.

11) The insurance was *invalid* for the *invalid*.

12) There was a *row* among the oarsmen about how to *row*.

13) They were too *close* to the door to *close* it.

14) The buck *does* funny things when the *does* are present.

15) A seamstress and a *sewer* fell down into a *sewer* line.

16) To help with planting, the farmer taught his *sow* to *sow*.

17) The *wind* was too strong to *wind* the sail.

18) Upon seeing the *tear* in the painting I shed a *tear*..

19) I had to *subject* the *subject* to a series of tests.

20) How can I *intimate* this to my most *intimate* friend?

🌹🌷🌹🌷🌹🌷🌹🌷🌹
     

Structuralism and Semiotics.

Structuralism and Semiotics.

Note: Structuralism, semiotics, and post-structuralism are some of the most complex literary theories to understand. Please be patient.

Linguistic Roots

The structuralist school emerges from theories of language and linguistics, and it looks for underlying elements in culture and literature that can be connected so that critics can develop general conclusions about the individual works and the systems from which they emerge. In fact, structuralism maintains that "...practically everything we do that is specifically human is expressed in language" (Richter 809). Structuralists believe that these language symbols extend far beyond written or oral communication.

For example, codes that represent all sorts of things permeate everything we do: "the performance of music requires complex notation...our economic life rests upon the exchange of labor and goods for symbols, such as cash, checks, stock, and certificates...social life depends on the meaningful gestures and signals of 'body language' and revolves around the exchange of small, symbolic favors: drinks, parties, dinners" (Richter 809).

Patterns and Experience

Structuralists assert that, since language exists in patterns, certain underlying elements are common to all human experiences. Structuralists believe we can observe these experiences through patterns: "...if you examine the physical structures of all buildings built in urban America in 1850 to discover the underlying principles that govern their composition, for example, principles of mechanical construction or of artistic form..." you are using a structuralist lens (Tyson 197).

Moreover, "you are also engaged in structuralist activity if you examine the structure of a single building to discover how its composition demonstrates underlying principles of a structural system. In the first example...you're generating a structural system of classification; in the second, you're demonstrating that an individual item belongs to a particular structural class" (Tyson 197).

Structuralism in Literary Theory

Structuralism is used in literary theory, for example, "...if you examine the structure of a large number of short stories to discover the underlying principles that govern their composition...principles of narrative progression...or of characterization...you are also engaged in structuralist activity if you describe the structure of a single literary work to discover how its composition demonstrates the underlying principles of a given structural system" (Tyson 197-198).

Northrop Frye, however, takes a different approach to structuralism by exploring ways in which genres of Western literature fall into his four mythoi (also see Jungian criticism in the Freudian Literary Criticism resource):

theory of modes, or historical criticism (tragic, comic, and thematic);
theory of symbols, or ethical criticism (literal/descriptive, formal, mythical, and anagogic);
theory of myths, or archetypal criticism (comedy, romance, tragedy, irony/satire);
theory of genres, or rhetorical criticism (epos, prose, drama, lyric) (Tyson 240).
Peirce and Saussure

Two important theorists form the framework (hah) of structuralism: Charles Sanders Peirce and Ferdinand de Saussure. Peirce gave structuralism three important ideas for analyzing the sign systems that permeate and define our experiences:

"iconic signs, in which the signifier resembles the thing signified (such as the stick figures on washroom doors that signify 'Men' or 'Women';
indexes, in which the signifier is a reliable indicator of the presence of the signified (like fire and smoke);
true symbols, in which the signifier's relation to the thing signified is completely arbitrary and conventional [just as the sound /kat/ or the written word cat are conventional signs for the familiar feline]" (Richter 810).
These elements become very important when we move into deconstruction in the Postmodernism resource. Peirce also influenced the semiotic school of structuralist theory that uses sign systems.

Sign Systems

The discipline of semiotics plays an important role in structuralist literary theory and cultural studies. Semioticians "...appl[y] structuralist insights to the study of...sign systems...a non-linguistic object or behavior...that can be analyzed as if it were a language" (Tyson 205). Specifically, "...semiotics examines the ways non-linguistic objects and behaviors 'tell' us something.

For example, the picture of the reclining blond beauty in the skin-tight, black velvet dress on the billboard...'tells' us that those who drink this whiskey (presumably male) will be attractive to...beautiful women like the one displayed here" (Tyson 205). Lastly, Richter states, "semiotics takes off from Peirce - for whom language is one of numerous sign systems - and structuralism takes off from Saussure, for whom language was the sign system par excellence" (810).

Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen

Reading Time

Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen
Chapter 1+2+3

Chapter 1

It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a good fortune, must be in want of a wife.
However little known the feelings or views of such a man may be on his first entering a neighbourhood, this truth is so well fixed in the minds of the surrounding families, that he is considered the rightful property of some one or other of their daughters.
“My dear Mr. Bennet,” said his lady to him one day, “have you heard that Netherfield Park is let at last?”
Mr. Bennet replied that he had not.
“But it is,” returned she; “for Mrs. Long has just been here, and she told me all about it.”
Mr. Bennet made no answer.
“Do you not want to know who has taken it?” cried his wife impatiently.
“You want to tell me, and I have no objection to hearing it.”
This was invitation enough.
“Why, my dear, you must know, Mrs. Long says that Netherfield is taken by a young man of large fortune from the north of England; that he came down on Monday in a chaise and four to see the place, and was so much delighted with it, that he agreed with Mr. Morris immediately; that he is to take possession before Michaelmas, and some of his servants are to be in the house by the end of next week.”
“What is his name?”
“Bingley.”
“Is he married or single?”
“Oh! Single, my dear, to be sure! A single man of large fortune; four or five thousand a year. What a fine thing for our girls!”
“How so? How can it affect them?”
“My dear Mr. Bennet,” replied his wife, “how can you be so tiresome! You must know that I am thinking of his marrying one of them.”
“Is that his design in settling here?”
“Design! Nonsense, how can you talk so! But it is very likely that he may fall in love with one of them, and therefore you must visit him as soon as he comes.”
“I see no occasion for that. You and the girls may go, or you may send them by themselves, which perhaps will be still better, for as you are as handsome as any of them, Mr. Bingley may like you the best of the party.”
“My dear, you flatter me. I certainly have had my share of beauty, but I do not pretend to be anything extraordinary now. When a woman has five grown-up daughters, she ought to give over thinking of her own beauty.”
“In such cases, a woman has not often much beauty to think of.”
“But, my dear, you must indeed go and see Mr. Bingley when he comes into the neighbourhood.”
“It is more than I engage for, I assure you.”
“But consider your daughters. Only think what an establishment it would be for one of them. Sir William and Lady Lucas are determined to go, merely on that account, for in general, you know, they visit no newcomers. Indeed you must go, for it will be impossible for us to visit him if you do not.”
“You are over-scrupulous, surely. I dare say Mr. Bingley will be very glad to see you; and I will send a few lines by you to assure him of my hearty consent to his marrying whichever he chooses of the girls; though I must throw in a good word for my little Lizzy.”
“I desire you will do no such thing. Lizzy is not a bit better than the others; and I am sure she is not half so handsome as Jane, nor half so good-humoured as Lydia. But you are always giving her the preference.”
“They have none of them much to recommend them,” replied he; “they are all silly and ignorant like other girls; but Lizzy has something more of quickness than her sisters.”
“Mr. Bennet, how can you abuse your own children in such a way? You take delight in vexing me. You have no compassion for my poor nerves.”
“You mistake me, my dear. I have a high respect for your nerves. They are my old friends. I have heard you mention them with consideration these last twenty years at least.”
“Ah, you do not know what I suffer.”
“But I hope you will get over it, and live to see many young men of four thousand a year come into the neighbourhood.”
“It will be no use to us, if twenty such should come, since you will not visit them.”
“Depend upon it, my dear, that when there are twenty, I will visit them all.”
Mr. Bennet was so odd a mixture of quick parts, sarcastic humour, reserve, and caprice, that the experience of three-and-twenty years had been insufficient to make his wife understand his character. Her mind was less difficult to develop. She was a woman of mean understanding, little information, and uncertain temper. When she was discontented, she fancied herself nervous. The business of her life was to get her daughters married; its solace was visiting and news.

Chapter 2

Mr. Bennet was among the earliest of those who waited on Mr. Bingley. He had always intended to visit him, though to the last always assuring his wife that he should not go; and till the evening after the visit was paid she had no knowledge of it. It was then disclosed in the following manner. Observing his second daughter employed in trimming a hat, he suddenly addressed her with:
“I hope Mr. Bingley will like it, Lizzy.”
“We are not in a way to know what Mr. Bingley likes,” said her mother resentfully, “since we are not to visit.”
“But you forget, mamma,” said Elizabeth, “that we shall meet him at the assemblies, and that Mrs. Long promised to introduce him.”
“I do not believe Mrs. Long will do any such thing. She has two nieces of her own. She is a selfish, hypocritical woman, and I have no opinion of her.”
“No more have I,” said Mr. Bennet; “and I am glad to find that you do not depend on her serving you.”
Mrs. Bennet deigned not to make any reply, but, unable to contain herself, began scolding one of her daughters.
“Don’t keep coughing so, Kitty, for Heaven’s sake! Have a little compassion on my nerves. You tear them to pieces.”
“Kitty has no discretion in her coughs,” said her father; “she times them ill.”
“I do not cough for my own amusement,” replied Kitty fretfully. “When is your next ball to be, Lizzy?”
“To-morrow fortnight.”
“Aye, so it is,” cried her mother, “and Mrs. Long does not come back till the day before; so it will be impossible for her to introduce him, for she will not know him herself.”
“Then, my dear, you may have the advantage of your friend, and introduce Mr. Bingley to her.”
“Impossible, Mr. Bennet, impossible, when I am not acquainted with him myself; how can you be so teasing?”
“I honour your circumspection. A fortnight’s acquaintance is certainly very little. One cannot know what a man really is by the end of a fortnight. But if we do not venture somebody else will; and after all, Mrs. Long and her nieces must stand their chance; and, therefore, as she will think it an act of kindness, if you decline the office, I will take it on myself.”
The girls stared at their father. Mrs. Bennet said only, “Nonsense, nonsense!”
“What can be the meaning of that emphatic exclamation?” cried he. “Do you consider the forms of introduction, and the stress that is laid on them, as nonsense? I cannot quite agree with you there. What say you, Mary? For you are a young lady of deep reflection, I know, and read great books and make extracts.”
Mary wished to say something sensible, but knew not how.
“While Mary is adjusting her ideas,” he continued, “let us return to Mr. Bingley.”
“I am sick of Mr. Bingley,” cried his wife.
“I am sorry to hear that; but why did not you tell me that before? If I had known as much this morning I certainly would not have called on him. It is very unlucky; but as I have actually paid the visit, we cannot escape the acquaintance now.”
The astonishment of the ladies was just what he wished; that of Mrs. Bennet perhaps surpassing the rest; though, when the first tumult of joy was over, she began to declare that it was what she had expected all the while.
“How good it was in you, my dear Mr. Bennet! But I knew I should persuade you at last. I was sure you loved your girls too well to neglect such an acquaintance. Well, how pleased I am! and it is such a good joke, too, that you should have gone this morning and never said a word about it till now.”
“Now, Kitty, you may cough as much as you choose,” said Mr. Bennet; and, as he spoke, he left the room, fatigued with the raptures of his wife.
“What an excellent father you have, girls!” said she, when the door was shut. “I do not know how you will ever make him amends for his kindness; or me, either, for that matter. At our time of life it is not so pleasant, I can tell you, to be making new acquaintances every day; but for your sakes, we would do anything. Lydia, my love, though you are the youngest, I dare say Mr. Bingley will dance with you at the next ball.”
“Oh!” said Lydia stoutly, “I am not afraid; for though I am the youngest, I’m the tallest.”
The rest of the evening was spent in conjecturing how soon he would return Mr. Bennet’s visit, and determining when they should ask him to dinner.

Chapter 3

Not all that Mrs. Bennet, however, with the assistance of her five daughters, could ask on the subject, was sufficient to draw from her husband any satisfactory description of Mr. Bingley. They attacked him in various ways—with barefaced questions, ingenious suppositions, and distant surmises; but he eluded the skill of them all, and they were at last obliged to accept the second-hand intelligence of their neighbour, Lady Lucas. Her report was highly favourable. Sir William had been delighted with him. He was quite young, wonderfully handsome, extremely agreeable, and, to crown the whole, he meant to be at the next assembly with a large party. Nothing could be more delightful! To be fond of dancing was a certain step towards falling in love; and very lively hopes of Mr. Bingley’s heart were entertained.
“If I can but see one of my daughters happily settled at Netherfield,” said Mrs. Bennet to her husband, “and all the others equally well married, I shall have nothing to wish for.”
In a few days Mr. Bingley returned Mr. Bennet’s visit, and sat about ten minutes with him in his library. He had entertained hopes of being admitted to a sight of the young ladies, of whose beauty he had heard much; but he saw only the father. The ladies were somewhat more fortunate, for they had the advantage of ascertaining from an upper window that he wore a blue coat, and rode a black horse.
An invitation to dinner was soon afterwards dispatched; and already had Mrs. Bennet planned the courses that were to do credit to her housekeeping, when an answer arrived which deferred it all. Mr. Bingley was obliged to be in town the following day, and, consequently, unable to accept the honour of their invitation, etc. Mrs. Bennet was quite disconcerted. She could not imagine what business he could have in town so soon after his arrival in Hertfordshire; and she began to fear that he might be always flying about from one place to another, and never settled at Netherfield as he ought to be. Lady Lucas quieted her fears a little by starting the idea of his being gone to London only to get a large party for the ball; and a report soon followed that Mr. Bingley was to bring twelve ladies and seven gentlemen with him to the assembly. The girls grieved over such a number of ladies, but were comforted the day before the ball by hearing, that instead of twelve he brought only six with him from London—his five sisters and a cousin. And when the party entered the assembly room it consisted of only five altogether—Mr. Bingley, his two sisters, the husband of the eldest, and another young man.
Mr. Bingley was good-looking and gentlemanlike; he had a pleasant countenance, and easy, unaffected manners. His sisters were fine women, with an air of decided fashion. His brother-in-law, Mr. Hurst, merely looked the gentleman; but his friend Mr. Darcy soon drew the attention of the room by his fine, tall person, handsome features, noble mien, and the report which was in general circulation within five minutes after his entrance, of his having ten thousand a year. The gentlemen pronounced him to be a fine figure of a man, the ladies declared he was much handsomer than Mr. Bingley, and he was looked at with great admiration for about half the evening, till his manners gave a disgust which turned the tide of his popularity; for he was discovered to be proud; to be above his company, and above being pleased; and not all his large estate in Derbyshire could then save him from having a most forbidding, disagreeable countenance, and being unworthy to be compared with his friend.
Mr. Bingley had soon made himself acquainted with all the principal people in the room; he was lively and unreserved, danced every dance, was angry that the ball closed so early, and talked of giving one himself at Netherfield. Such amiable qualities must speak for themselves. What a contrast between him and his friend! Mr. Darcy danced only once with Mrs. Hurst and once with Miss Bingley, declined being introduced to any other lady, and spent the rest of the evening in walking about the room, speaking occasionally to one of his own party. His character was decided. He was the proudest, most disagreeable man in the world, and everybody hoped that he would never come there again. Amongst the most violent against him was Mrs. Bennet, whose dislike of his general behaviour was sharpened into particular resentment by his having slighted one of her daughters.
Elizabeth Bennet had been obliged, by the scarcity of gentlemen, to sit down for two dances; and during part of that time, Mr. Darcy had been standing near enough for her to hear a conversation between him and Mr. Bingley, who came from the dance for a few minutes, to press his friend to join it.
“Come, Darcy,” said he, “I must have you dance. I hate to see you standing about by yourself in this stupid manner. You had much better dance.”
“I certainly shall not. You know how I detest it, unless I am particularly acquainted with my partner. At such an assembly as this it would be insupportable. Your sisters are engaged, and there is not another woman in the room whom it would not be a punishment to me to stand up with.”
“I would not be so fastidious as you are,” cried Mr. Bingley, “for a kingdom! Upon my honour, I never met with so many pleasant girls in my life as I have this evening; and there are several of them you see uncommonly pretty.”
“You are dancing with the only handsome girl in the room,” said Mr. Darcy, looking at the eldest Miss Bennet.
“Oh! She is the most beautiful creature I ever beheld! But there is one of her sisters sitting down just behind you, who is very pretty, and I dare say very agreeable. Do let me ask my partner to introduce you.”
“Which do you mean?” and turning round he looked for a moment at Elizabeth, till catching her eye, he withdrew his own and coldly said: “She is tolerable, but not handsome enough to tempt me; I am in no humour at present to give consequence to young ladies who are slighted by other men. You had better return to your partner and enjoy her smiles, for you are wasting your time with me.”
Mr. Bingley followed his advice. Mr. Darcy walked off; and Elizabeth remained with no very cordial feelings toward him. She told the story, however, with great spirit among her friends; for she had a lively, playful disposition, which delighted in anything ridiculous.
The evening altogether passed off pleasantly to the whole family. Mrs. Bennet had seen her eldest daughter much admired by the Netherfield party. Mr. Bingley had danced with her twice, and she had been distinguished by his sisters. Jane was as much gratified by this as her mother could be, though in a quieter way. Elizabeth felt Jane’s pleasure. Mary had heard herself mentioned to Miss Bingley as the most accomplished girl in the neighbourhood; and Catherine and Lydia had been fortunate enough never to be without partners, which was all that they had yet learnt to care for at a ball. They returned, therefore, in good spirits to Longbourn, the village where they lived, and of which they were the principal inhabitants. They found Mr. Bennet still up. With a book he was regardless of time; and on the present occasion he had a good deal of curiosity as to the event of an evening which had raised such splendid expectations. He had rather hoped that his wife’s views on the stranger would be disappointed; but he soon found out that he had a different story to hear.
“Oh! my dear Mr. Bennet,” as she entered the room, “we have had a most delightful evening, a most excellent ball. I wish you had been there. Jane was so admired, nothing could be like it. Everybody said how well she looked; and Mr. Bingley thought her quite beautiful, and danced with her twice! Only think of that, my dear; he actually danced with her twice! and she was the only creature in the room that he asked a second time. First of all, he asked Miss Lucas. I was so vexed to see him stand up with her! But, however, he did not admire her at all; indeed, nobody can, you know; and he seemed quite struck with Jane as she was going down the dance. So he inquired who she was, and got introduced, and asked her for the two next. Then the two third he danced with Miss King, and the two fourth with Maria Lucas, and the two fifth with Jane again, and the two sixth with Lizzy, and the Boulanger—”
“If he had had any compassion for me,” cried her husband impatiently, “he would not have danced half so much! For God’s sake, say no more of his partners. Oh that he had sprained his ankle in the first dance!”
“Oh! my dear, I am quite delighted with him. He is so excessively handsome! And his sisters are charming women. I never in my life saw anything more elegant than their dresses. I dare say the lace upon Mrs. Hurst’s gown—”
Here she was interrupted again. Mr. Bennet protested against any description of finery. She was therefore obliged to seek another branch of the subject, and related, with much bitterness of spirit and some exaggeration, the shocking rudeness of Mr. Darcy.
“But I can assure you,” she added, “that Lizzy does not lose much by not suiting his fancy; for he is a most disagreeable, horrid man, not at all worth pleasing. So high and so conceited that there was no enduring him! He walked here, and he walked there, fancying himself so very great! Not handsome enough to dance with! I wish you had been there, my dear, to have given him one of your set-downs. I quite detest the man.”