IELTS VOCABULARY
Science
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Placebo
DF: A drug which has no physical effects, used in pharmaceutical tests to compare the physical effects of taking a real drug from its psychological effects.
EX: She was given a placebo, not the real drug, but she said she felt much better.
Placebo Effect
DF:The placebo effect is when someone's condition improves because they think they are taking medicine.
EX: She was given a placebo, not the real drug, but she said she felt much better- that's the placebo effect.
A side effect
DF: An extra, usually bad, occurrence caused by taking a drug.
Drugs should not be tested on animals because there are many possible side effects.
EX: Much of today's modern medicine has side effects. I prefer alternative therapies.
Proof
DF: To show a particular result after a period of time.
EX: The amount of evidence that scientists now have proves that climate change is being caused by humans.
We now have proof that climate change is caused by human activity.
Experiment
DF: A test done in order to learn something or to find out whether something works or is true
EX: Experimenting on animals is necessary in order to discover if new drugs are dangerous or not.
Scientists are conducting experiments to test the effectiveness of the new drug.
Gene
DF: A part of the DNA in a cell which contains information in a special pattern received by each animal or plant from its parents, and which controls its physical development, behaviour, etc
EX: Genes are an important factor in personaility development.
The doctors think his illness was genetic. It came from his mother because she had the same illness when she was young.
Genetic Engineering / Modification
DF: Changing the structure of the genes of a living thing in order to make it healthier or stronger or more useful to humans.
EX: There is evidence that genetically modified food is harmful to humans.
Some plants have been genetically engineered to be resistant to herbicides.
Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs)
DF: Plants, animals or micro organisms that have changed through genetic engineering.
EX: Most commercialised GMO crop plants are insect resistant and/or herbicide tolerant.
Clone
DF: A plant or animal which has the same genes as the original from which it was produced
EX: The first animal to be cloned was Dolly the sheep.
I believe that cloning humans is unethical.
Geoengineering
DF: The deliberate large-scale intervention in the Earth’s climate system, in order to try and control global warming
EX: Some scientists believe geoengineering is the only way to reduce the warming of the climate.
Controlling the weather by geoengineering is a possible solution to climate change, but it is controversial.
Cyber
DF: A prefix for things related to computers, especially the internet.
EX: Cyberbulling via social media such as Facebook has become a major problem.
A cybercafe is a place where you can buy drinks and use computers at the same time.
High-Tech / Hi-Tech
DF:Using the most advanced and developed machines and methods.
EX: Japan is a very high-tech country. Everyone has all the latest electronic gadgets.
Theory
DF:A formal statement of the rules on which a subject of study is based or of ideas which are suggested to explain a fact or event or, more generally, an opinion or explanation
EX: There are two opposing theories on the causes of climate change - one says it is caused by humans, the other believe it is a natural cycle.
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Saturday, October 28, 2017
IELTS VOCABULARY
10 Phrases for Telling Someone to Wait
💥10 Phrases for Telling Someone to Wait
1⃣. Could you give me a minute?
2⃣. (informal) Hang on a sec / Just a sec.
3⃣. Hold on...
4⃣. Let me see/think…
5⃣. I'll be right with you.
6⃣. Bear with me.
7⃣. That’ll have to wait.
8⃣. Be patient.
9⃣. Not so fast!
🔟. Hold your horses!
#9 and #10 are used for cautioning someone to wait and not make a bad decision or take reckless action.
IDIOMS_MEANINGS
#IDIOMS_MEANINGS
1. To add insult to injury; To intensify a person
2. To be born with a silver Spoon in one's mouth; To be born in a rich family.
3. A bolt from the blue; An expected disaster
4. To blow one’s own trumpet; To boast
5. A bone of contention ; Cause of quarrel
6. To burn one’s fingers ; To suffer
7. To beat black & blue ; To beat mercilessly
8. To cast an aspersion ; To bring discredit
9. To cry over spilt milk ; To feel sorry for what has happened
10. To cut a sorry figure ; To make a poor impression
11. To die in harness ; To die while doing one’s duty
12. To end in smoke ; To fail
13. To go to the dogs ; To be ruined
14. To hang in the balance ; To remain undecided
15. To hit the nail on the head; To do the right thing at the right time
16. To hold water ; To sound logical
17. To live no stone unturned ; To try one’s level best
18. To live from hand to mouth ; To live with great difficulty
19. To make up one’s mind ; To decide
20. To see eye to eye with ; Agree
21. To play ducks and drakes ; Waste
22. To put the cart before the hors ; To do a thing in a wrong way
23. To have too many irons in the fire ; To have too many things in hand
24. To read b/w the lines ; To try to understand the hidden meaning
25. To turn over a new leaf ; To change for the better
26. To take the bull by horns; To face difficulties boldly
27. To win laurels ; To distinguish oneself
28. At daggers drawn ; At enmity or fighting
29. Blake and white ; Written
30. By leaps and bounds ; Very fast
31. In cold blood ; deliberately
32. Laid up with ; Confined to bed
33. Ins and outs ; Full details
34. A black sheep ; Scoundrel; a bad person
35. A cock and bull story ; An absurd tale
36. A gala day ; A day of festivity; a holiday with rejoicing
37. A hard nut to crack ; A difficult person or problem to deal with
38. A turn coat ; One who changes one’s opinion or party
39. A fool’s paradise ; In a state of happiness founded on vain hopes
40. Beat a retreat ; To retire before the enemy
41. To be on the horns of a dilemma; To have a choice b/w two equal evils
42. To beat about the bush ; Approach a subject in a round about method
43. Bury the hatchet ; To make peace
44. By fits and starts ; Irregularly
45. Capital punishment ; Death sentence
46. By hook or by crook ; By fair or foul means
47. Eat humble pie ; To face humiliation
48. Hit below the belt ; To act unfairly
49. In apple pie order ; In perfect order
50. Leave one in lurch ; To desert in difficulty
51. To make a clean breast of ; To confess fully one’s faults
52. To nip the evil in the bud ; To destroy an evil in early stage
53. Pick holes in another’s coat ; To find fault with another
54. Scot free ; To go unpunished
55. Smell a rat ; To have a reason to suspect
56. Through thick and thin ; Through every difficulty
57. True to one’s salt ; Faithful to one’s master
58. To turn the corner ; To begin to improve
59. With a grain of salt ; To accept a statement with doubt as to its complete true
60. Worship the rising sun ; To respect one rising in power
61. A Herculean task ; An extremely difficult or dangerous task
62. A fish out of water ; In a wrong place
63. A leap in the dark ; An act of which we can’t force consequences
64. A thorn in one’s side ; A constant source of annoyance
65. To be at one’s beck and call ; Under one’s absolute control
66. Bread and Butter ; Means of subsistence
67. Burn one’s fingers ; To get into trouble
68. Burn the candle at both ends; Use up too much energy
69. To cut the Gordian knot ; To solve the difficulty
70. Cut and dried ; Ready-made
71. Feather one’s own nest ; To make money by unfair means
72. To fish in troubled water ; To do something under very unpromising
circumstance
73. To give oneself airs ; Affected manners
74. To give the devil his due ; To allow even a bad man the credit due
75. To hang by thread ; To be in a critical condition
76. A henpecked husband ; A man habitually snubbed by his wife
77. Hush money ; Money given as a bribe to hush or make one keep silent
78. Kick up a row ; Make a great noise
79. To let the cat out of the bag; To reveal a secret
80. Null and void ; Not valid; of no effect
81. On the spur of the moment; At once
82. Pay one back in one’s own coin ; To treat in the same way as one has been
treated
83. Put in cold storage; To forget or neglect something
84. Pull wires ; To manage the show by secret Influence
85. Read b/w the lines ; To hit at the real meaning
86. Sit on the fence ; To avoid taking sides; to remain neutral
87. A square deal ; Justice
88. Sword of Damocles ; Treating danger
89. To take up the gauntlet ; To accept the challenge
90. To eat one’s heart out ; To suffer silently, bitterly
91. B/t the devil and the deep sea ; B/w two dangers equally harmful
92. A sweet tooth ; A liking for sweetmeat
93. A dark horse ; An unknown person
94. A bottleneck ; Anything that cause delays
95. To put one’s foot down ; To show determination
96. A wet blanket ; A grumbling, depressing person
97. To throw up the sponge ; To acknowledge defeat
98. A feather in one’s cap ; Something to be proud of
99. A red letter day ; An auspicious day
100. Bag and baggage ; With all one’s belongings
1000 books Google drive
1000 books
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January 2017
https://drive.google.com/folderview?id=0B2UwVh_7F8JlcUlua2tYV0xpOFU
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February 2017
https://drive.google.com/folderview?id=0B2UwVh_7F8JlYUFrMVBxUWFBU0k
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March 2017
https://drive.google.com/folderview?id=0B2UwVh_7F8JlR2U5WE1EcEtQcFU
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April 2017
https://drive.google.com/folderview?id=0B2UwVh_7F8JlTmlHQzdNUkR3SGM
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May 2017
https://drive.google.com/folderview?id=0B2UwVh_7F8JlaXpnUE5EY1lNWFk
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June 2017
https://drive.google.com/folderview?id=0B-xr02hk5MVFUk12eTYwNmwtTWM
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July 2017
https://drive.google.com/folderview?id=0B-xr02hk5MVFa0ZuXzR0dUZnT2M
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August 2017
https://drive.google.com/folderview?id=0B-xr02hk5MVFVUdFZVdTRkg2bzA
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September 2017
https://drive.google.com/folderview?id=0B-xr02hk5MVFU0J3QnpyWHdiQ2s
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October 2017
https://drive.google.com/folderview?id=0B-xr02hk5MVFcFFlT3lQOUtnQUE
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Literay terms English
1. Auto-Biography: -is the history of one’s life written by one self.
2. Act: - is the major division of a drama.
3. Antithesis: -is contrast or polarity in meaning.
4. Allusion: -is a reference to an idea, place, person or text existing outside the literary work.
5. Allegory: - is a literary work that has an implied meaning.
6. Alliteration:-the repetition of a consonant in two or more words.
7. Ballad: -is a song which tells a story.
8. Biography: -is the history of a person’s life by one else.
9. Blank Verse: -Verses written in iambic pentameter without any rhyme pattern are called blank verse.
10. Comedy:-is a play written to entertain its audience, ends happily.
11. Classical:-means any writing that conforms to the rules and modes of old Greek and Latin writings.
12. Canto:-is a sub-division of an epic or a narrative poem comparable to a chapter in a novel.
13. Chorus:-is a group of singers who stand alongside the stage in a drama.
14. Catharsis:-is emotional release of pity and fear that the tragic incidences in a tragedy arouse to an audience.
15. Comic relief:-a humorous scene in a tragedy to eliminate the tragic effect from audience.
16. Couplet:-To lines of the same material length usually found in Shakespearean sonnets.
17. Catastrophe:-Catastrophe is the downfall of the protagonist in a tragedy.
18. Didactic:-is a literary work which aims at teaching and instructing its readers.
19. Dirge:-is a short functional term.
20. Diction:-is the selection of words in literary work.
21. Dialect:-is the language of particular district; class or a group of people.
22. Drammatical Monologue:-In a poem when a single person speaks along with or without an audience is called drammatical monologue. Example “My last Duchess”-----Br
owning.
23. Difference between drama and novel:-A drama is meant to be performed whereas a novel is meant to be read.
24. Difference between stanza and paragraph:-A stanza contains verses whereas a paragraph contains prosaic lines.
25. Epic:-is a long narrative poem composed on a grand scale and is exalted style. Example “Paradise Lost”-------Milton.
26. Epilogue:-is the concluding part of a longer poem or a novel or a drama.
27. Fable:-is a brief story illustrating a moral.
28. Farce:-A form of low comedy designed to provoke laughter.
29. Foot:-A basic unit of meter.
30. Fiction:-A fiction is an imaginative narrative in prose e.g.
Lord of the fly—by Golding.
31. Elegy:- is a poem mourning to the death of an individual or a lament for a tragic event.
32. Genre:-means category or types of literature-epic, ode, ballad etc.
33. Hyperbole:-An overstatement or exaggeration.
34. Image:-is the mental picture connected with metaphor, smile and symbol.
35. Limerick:-is a short poem of a five-line stanza rhyming aaba.
36. Lyric:-A lyric is a short poem expressing a simple mood. It is usually personal and musical e.g. Keats’s odes.
37. Linguistic:-is the scientific and systematic study of language.
38. Melodrama:-A highly sensational drama with happy ending.
Example ‘The Spanish Tragedy’ –Kyd.
39. Metaphysical Poetry:-Meta means beyond and physical is related to body . . . . . . . . .
40. Mock-epic:-It is a long satirical poem dealing with a trivial theme. Example: “The rape of the lock”-Alexander Pope.
41. Metaphor:-A metaphor is an implicit comparison between two different things.
42. Metre:-The recurrence of similar stress pattern in some lines of a poem.
43. Novel:-is a long prose narrative fiction with plot, characters, etc.
44. Novelette:-is longer than a short story and shorter than a novel.
45. Ode:-is a long narrative poem of varying, line length dealing with serious subject matter.
46. Objectivity:-We have objectivity in a literary piece when the author focuses on an object from broadened point of view.
47. Octave:-is the firs part of Italian sonnet.
48. Oxymoron:-is apparently a physical contrast which oddly makes sense on a deeper level.
49. Prologue:-is the beginning part of a novel or a play or a novel.
50. Prose:-Any material that is not written in a regular meter like a poetry.
51. Prosody:-Prosody is the mechanics or grammar of verse.
52. Protagonist:-Protagonist is the main character in a literary work
53. Plot:-The arrangement of incidents is called plot.
54. Pun:-A pun is playing with words.
55. Periods of English literature:-The Anglo-Saxon, Middle English Renaissance, Restoration, Neoclassical Romantic,
Victorian, Modern, Post-Modern.
56. Romanticism:-was a literary movement. It stands Opposite to reason and focuses on emotion.
57. Rhetoric:-Rhetoric is the art of persuasive argument through writing.
58. Symbol:-A symbol is anything that stands for something else.
59. Sonnet:-is a lyric poem consisting of fourteen rhymed lines dealing with a lofty theme.
60. Satire:-is ridiculing the vices and follies of an individual or a society with a corrective design. E.g. “The rape of the lock”---Pope.
Uses of for
Uses of for
We use For when we measure the duration – when we say how long something lasts.
For + a period of time
To measure a period of time up to the present, we use the present perfect tense and not the present tense.
I have known her for a long time. (Correct)
I know her for a long time. (Incorrect)
I have lived here for ten years. (Correct)
I live here for ten years. (Incorrect)
The present tense with For refers to a period of time that extends into the future.
How long are you here for? (Until when)
How long have you been here for? (Since when)
In reality, we can use all verb tenses with For.
Uses of For
Example sentence Verb Tense
They exercise for two hours every day. Present tense
They are exercising for three hours today. Present continuous
He has lived in Moscow for a long time. Present perfect
He has been living in Turin for three months. Present perfect continuous
I worked at the service station for five years. Past tense
He will be in hospital for at least a week. Future tense
However, we don't use For with expressions such as all day or all the time.
I was there all day. (Correct)
I was there for all day. (Incorrect)
The use of SINCE
Since gives the starting point of actions, events or states. It refers to when things began.
Since + a point in time (in the past), until now.
I've been waiting since 7 o'clock.
I have known him since January.
With since we use the present perfect tense or the past perfect tense.
I have been here since 5 o'clock and I am getting tired.
I had been working since 5 o'clock and I was getting tired.
Since can also be used in the structure It has been + period of time + since.
It has been two months since I last saw her.
It has been three years since the last earthquake.
Laughed and laughed
Laughed and laughed
A woman was traveling on the bus with three children.
Conductor: - Madam, these kids will take a ticket, tell the age?
Female: - Two years of first year, two and a half years of second person and three years of third.
Conductor: - Do not take the madam ticket, but keep the gap for 9 months.
Women: - Karmfoote,
The middle is of Jethani,
Do you share the ticket, do not share knowledge like Modi
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have to and must are used for obligation
have to and must are used for obligation
Obligation
'Have to' and 'must' are both used to express obligation. There is a slight difference in the way that they are both used.
'Have to' shows that the obligation comes from someone else, not the speaker. This is usually referring to a rule or law.
We have to be at the airport at least two hours before the flight.
I have to work on Saturday.
They have to wear their uniforms at school.
'Must' shows us that the obligation comes from the speaker.
I must hand in my thesis by tomorrow.
I really must call my parents.
http://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/modal-verbs-of-obligation.html
https://linguapress.com/grammar/modal-obligation.htm
https://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/en/quick-grammar/modals-1
http://www.myenglishpages.com/site_php_files/grammar-lesson-modals.php
https://www.slideshare.net/mobile/DavidMainwood/modals-for-obligation-and-prohibtion-9128360
https://youtu.be/j8jQpLf1WkY
https://youtu.be/ELfjg5n4xHE
IELTS Speaking topic: Education
IELTS Speaking
topic: Education
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Part 1 – sample questions
Are you a full-time or part-time student?
What subject(s) are you studying?
Why did you choose this/these subject(s)?
Which topic/subject do you find the most difficult/interesting?
What was your favourite subject when you were at school?
What do you plan to do when you finish studying?
Is there anything else you would like to study in the future?
Part 2 – sample task card
Describe a teacher that had a positive influence on you.
You should say:
what subject this teacher taught
how long he/she was your teacher
what positive attributes this teacher had
and explain why you remember this teacher in particular.
Part 3 – sample questions
Some people say that your school days are the best days of your life. Do you agree?
Do you think school and university prepares young people adequately for real life?
Do you agree there is too much pressure on young people at school these days?
Some people argue that end-of-year exams should be replaced by continuous assessment. What do you think?
Have there been significant changes in schooling methods in your country in recent years?
Do you think schools and universities provide enough careers advice to their students?
Useful Vocabulary
School
nursery / primary / secondary school / education
state school / private school / boarding school
all girls / all boys / single-sex / co-ed school
to go to / attend school
the curriculum / syllabus
extra-curricular activities
school trips / holidays
school playground / dinners / uniform
school pupils / teachers
schoolchildren / schoolboy / schoolgirl
to sit / do / take an exam
to resit / retake an exam
to revise / to study (for an exam)
to pass / to fail an exam
to get exam results
to get qualifications / to be qualified
to leave school / a school-leaver
to drop out of school / a dropout
to be academic / to be an all-rounder
University/College
tertiary / higher / further education
colleges of higher education / technical colleges / universities
to apply for a course
to get an (un)conditional offer
to do a course in [subject]
halls of residence / student accommodation
student union / student body
a fresher / an undergraduate / a graduate
a graduation ceremony
to get a university degree / a Masters / a Doctorate (Phd)
to graduate from university / to graduate in [subject]
a postgraduate student / course
to do / take a postgraduate course / a Masters / a PhD (Doctorate)
to be a qualified [job title] / to qualify in [subject]
to take a gap year
to drop out of university
Useful linkers for contrasting ideas
However....
...whereas / while...
On the one hand…. but on the other hand…
Although / Even though…
Despite (the fact that)…
But…
Sample Answer
Is there a system of free state education in your country?
In my country there is a state education system offering free education for children from 3-18, although parents still have to pay for food, materials, school trips and other extra-curricular activities. This is only one part of the system, however, because there are also private schools and semi-private schools, which are partly funded by the state. So on the one hand it appears that we do have free state education, but in actual fact it isn’t available to everyone because places are limited.
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IELTS Speaking topic: ART
IELTS Speaking
topic: ART
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📌Do you like arts?
Not really. I remember as a child I used to be one of the children who couldn’t even draw a line straight. The kind of children art teachers felt pitty about. But, yes, I do love playing with colours. So, creating something with colours and the other materials like glasses or the garbage materials I am pretty good at them. So, I do like designing but creating portraits or scenery, I really am not good at them.
📌Do you think art classes are necessary?
Definitely yes. Art is the one subject, I believe, that allow you to be creative. So, here nothing is right or wrong, it is about what you could think of. It allows children to realise the happiness of creating something and it is powerful.
📌How do you think art classes affect children’s development?
Art is very essential for the development of a child. It helps children in learning a language. It is through the colours and shapes, action that they learn activities. Also, it helps children in making decisions. The experience of making decisions and choices in the course of creating art creatures carries on to life. So, a child who cannot even decide the color to chose surely has some decision issues in life. And there is so much more, a child learns culture and visual learning.
📌What kind of paintings do people like?
This is a choice, I believe varies among people. So, there are some people who like paintings of a scenic beauty and then others who like self potraits only. I have even met people who like only sketches, so no colors for them. Too an extent, the choices we make do define us and people’s taste do differ.
📌What benefits can you get from painting as a hobby?
Painting allows us to be creative, to make choices and helps in healing. So, it is not just about painting the perfect potrait but about letting your thoughts on the paper. When people do it , it really affects their psychology making them happier and more content with life.
📌How often do you visit museums and art galleries?
I do like visiting museums and art galleries but not very often. So, there is no list that I have for all the museums that I need to visit. But surely, yes, I ever I stumble upon them I do go and visit the place.
📌Do you think going to museums and art galleries is beneficial for children?
I think definitely yes. Museums enlighten children about their history and knowing the history is important to have a better understanding of the present. Art galleries on other hand help a child to improve their visual analytics power. It is when the child tries to understand what the painting is about, they develop the analytical skills.
📌What kind of things do you like to draw?
I love creative drawing. So, the kind of drawing where we use different objects and create things is something I am really good at. But, the art of using brushes properly is something I am yet to learn.
📌Is it easy to learn how to draw?
Yes, it is easy to learn how to draw the basics. But, in my opinion, just like everything it requires lot of patience and love to master the skill of drawing.
📌Are you good at art?
Art is a really vast subject, I believe and if it is about drawing things here and there, I would say I am pretty fine at it. But, I am surely not one of those swho can go on to make some master pieces.
I think I am good at, all thanks to the art classes that I attended during my teen years. They were a great help during my growing years and taught me lot of creativity. Now, I can easily draw simple day to day things like pen or a face.
📌Did you learn art at school when you were a child?
Yes. We did had an arts subject during our school days and we were taught lot of basic things like how to color, shade or different kinds of paintings.
No, I did not. In our school, there was a choice between arts and music and I opted music.
📌What kind of art do you like?
I love sketching human faces. I really am fascinated by the different moods a face can easily depict. There is lot that be can said with a human face.
I like sketching natural things, the ones that are very near to nature. It could be mountains or rivers or the trees, anything that is near to nature.
📌Is art popular in your country?
I would say, art surely does gets importance as people really like to see great art work but when it comes down to choosing arts as a career it is not a very popular choice among people. They prefer pursuing their art goals a mere hobby.
Arts is truly respected in my country. People who can draw well are surely in demand in fields like army, police and country development. Recently, our prime minister hired twenty great artist of our country to create designs that will be painted on the walls of areas which are not very developed. He has a vision to ensure that every one lives in a nice livelihood.
📌Have you ever been to an art gallery?
I am not particularly an art fan. So, I have never visited any art gallery, although I do like watching the paintings made by my friends.
Oh! I have gone there so many times. I love them. It is so much fun to see people portray so much on a single canvas>
📌Do you think children can benefit from going to art galleries?
I think definitely yes. Art is that part of our lives that brings out the creative side of ours. If children go and visit art galleries, they might be able to understand things better and may be feel motivated to draw things and explore their creative side.
I don’t think children will be very much benefited by just going to art gallery. It is very important for them to understand what is being shown, what is the meaning, how it has been made and why is art important. It is only when they understand the answers to the questions, it makes sense to make children visit art gallery.
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IELTS Speaking topic: Environment
IELTS Speaking
topic: Environment
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📌PART 1
Time: 4-5 minutes
Now, in this first part of the test I'm going to ask you some questions about yourself. First I'd like to ask about your hometown.
What kind of place is your hometown?
Tell me about the most interesting place in your hometown.
What changes would you like to make to your hometown?
Now let's move on to talk about animals.
What kinds of animals are popular pets in your country? Why?
How are animals in your country used for work?
Are there any animals in your country that have special significance?
Let’s talk about travel.
How easy is it to travel in your country?
What form of transport is the most popular? Why?
Are there any parts of your country that are difficult to travel to? Why / Why not?
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📌PART 2
Time: 3-4 minutes
Now, I'm going to give you a topic and I'd like you to talk about it for 1-2 minutes.
Before you talk you'll have one minute to think about what you are going to say and you can make notes if you wish. Do you understand?
Ok, here's some paper and a pencil to make notes, and here is your topic. I'd like you to describe something you own which is very important to you.
Describe an environmental problem that has occurred in your country.
You should say:
The cause of the problem
What effect it has had on your country
The steps, if any, that have been taken to solve this
Explain why you think this problem is so important to solve.
Follow up questions:
Are other people concerned about this problem?
Do you talk about it with your friends?
-----------------------------------------------------
📌PART 3
Time: 4-5 minutes
We've been talking about an environmental problem in your country, and I'd now like to ask you some questions related to this.
First, lets consider global environmental problems.
Tell me about some of the environmental problems that are affecting countries these days?
Do you think that governments around the world are doing enough to tackle the problems?
Why do some people not consider environmental problems to be serious?
Now we'll look at environmental problems and disasters caused by humans.
What do you consider to be the world’s worst environmental disaster caused by humans?
Why do you think environmental disasters caused by humans happen?
Do you think there will be more environmental disasters caused by humans in the future?
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How to Analyze A Poem
How to Analyze A Poem
1) Read through at least twice. You will have to read a poem multiple times before even attempting to approach it for deeper meanings. Give yourself a chance to thoroughly and fully experience the poem.
2) Is there a title? Don’t forget to take this into consideration. Readers often skip over a poem’s title, which may contain important clues for understanding the piece. Often the title is an introduction that can guide you; for example, Langston Hughes’ “Mother to Son” immediately lets you know who the speaker of the poem is and to whom she is speaking.
3) Stay calm! If there are any unfamiliar words or even a few foreign terms, don’t panic and don’t obsess. On your first read through, just let them go and try instead to focus on the larger meaning of the poem. On the second and subsequent passes, you should then look up those troublesome words or anything else that is problematic for you.
4) Read it aloud. Yes. You must do this. Poems are meant to be heard. Often you will find that places in the poem that gave you trouble on the page suddenly make sense when read out loud. You may feel silly at first, but soon you’ll be comfortable. (Cats and dogs, by the way, make particularly good audiences...though cats tend to be more critical and may leave at a pivotal point in your performance.) Read in your normal voice. Don’t try to sound like Maya Angelou. Unless you are Maya Angelou.
5) Pay attention to punctuation. Most poems use punctuation to help guide the voice of its reader. You need to pay attention because the end of a line is frequently not the end of a sentence. Consider these lines from Robert Frost’s “Birches”:
When I see birches bend to left and right
Across the lines of straighter darker trees,
I like to think some boy’s been swinging in them.
If you stop reading or pause at the end of the first line, it will sound broken and unnatural. If you read smoothly through, pausing briefly at the comma and making a full stop at the period, the poem will have its proper conversational tone.
6) Try paraphrasing. It may be best for you to write in your own words what the poet is saying in each line of the poem. As you work through it, you’ll see which areas you need to concentrate on. But again, avoid the notion that there is “one true meaning.”
7) Who is the speaker? Remember not to confuse the poet with the “speaker” of the poem. More often than not, the speaker is a character, just like in a novel or a play. Determining who the speaker is will help you approach the work more easily.
8) Be open to interpretation. Give it a chance. For example, William Carlos Williams’ poem “The Red Wheelbarrow” is often dismissed as cryptic, confusing, and ultimately unknowable. But being open to the poet’s intentions can lead you to some interesting ideas and questions (in this case, what is important to life?).
9) There are no useless words. Poets select each and every word carefully. None should be dismissed. Images and symbols all have a purpose in the overall meaning of the poem.
10) Don’t expect a definitive reading. Many poems are intentionally open-ended and refuse to resolve their internal tensions. While it is desirable to understand what a poem is saying, remember that there are approaches and interpretations other than your own.
Fred factor Summary
How to Turn the Ordinary Into the Extraordinary
Fred is the ordinary-looking postal carrier with a small moustache who delivers mail to motivational speaker Mark Sanborn's house in the Washington Park area of Denver. But he is no ordinary U.S. Postal Service worker. According to Sanborn, he is the kind of worker who exemplifies everything that is "right" with customer service and business in general, and is "a gold-plated example of what personalized service looks like and a role model for anyone who wants to make a difference in his or her work."
Not only did Sanborn get the best postal service he had ever experienced when he moved to Fred's route, but he also got a perfect example of superior service to illustrate his presentations to business leaders throughout the United States. According to Sanborn, anyone can be a Fred and live an extraordinary life as well.
Four Fred Principles
After examining the factors that make Fred the Postman such an extraordinarily committed service person, Sanborn honed them down to four principles that can be applied to improve anyone's life and work. These principles are:
Everyone makes a difference. Some might see delivering mail as monotonous drudgery, but Fred sees the task as an opportunity to make the lives of his customers more enjoyable. Regardless of whether an employer hinders exceptional performance, ignores it, or does not adequately recognize it, only the employee can choose to do his or her job in an extraordinary way. Sanborn writes, "Nobody can prevent you from choosing to be exceptional."Success is built on relationships. Indifferent people deliver impersonal service. Sanborn writes that service becomes personalized when a relationship exists between the provider of the service and the customer. The quality of the relationship determines the quality of the product or service. Leaders succeed when they recognize that their employees are human, and employees like Fred the Postman succeed when they recognize their work involves interacting with other human beings.You must continually create value for others, and it doesn't have to cost a penny. Replace money with imagination. Sanborn explains that the object is to outthink your competition rather than outspend them. The most critical skill that contributes to employability is the ability to create value for customers and colleagues without spending money to do it. Substitute creativity for capital. Mediocrity is your silent opponent and can diminish the quality of your performance as well as the meaning you derive from it.You can reinvent yourself regularly. If Fred the Postman can excel at bringing creativity and commitment to putting mail in a box, you are probably capable of doing as much or more to reinvent your work and rejuvenate your efforts. Sanborn believes that "no matter what job you hold, what industry you work in, or where you live, every morning you wake up with a clean slate. You can make your business, as well as your life, anything you choose it to be."
Fred Sightings
Sanborn points out that Freds can be found everywhere, and there are more Freds out there than he once thought. One Fred is a woman at a hotel who helped Sanborn out in a pinch by taking his coffee-stained pants home with her overnight to personally wash and press for his departure the next day.
Another Fred he describes is a flight attendant who made a 6:15 a.m. flight from Denver to San Francisco more enjoyable for passengers by lightening the usual announcements with her unique sense of humor: "If you are having a hard time getting your ears to pop, I suggest you yawn widely. And if you are having a hard time yawning, ask me to tell you about my love life." Sanborn explains that she took some risks and had some fun, and as a result, her "customers" the passengers had fun, too.
Another Fred who Sanborn describes is a hotel worker who lent him $30 when he had no cab fare for his ride home. Sanborn explains that this Fred knows that the way to move through life joyfully and successfully is by focusing on what you give rather than what you get. Freds do the right thing because it is the right thing to do.
Sanborn explains that if you want more Freds in the world, be a Fred. Throughout the rest of The Fred Factor, he describes how every individual can make a difference, and offers numerous difference-making strategies to help readers influence the world in a positive way.
Why We Like This Book
The Fred Factor presents a compassionate look at how every action we take can be made more significant if we take the time to reinvent our work and rejuvenate our efforts. By providing a look at the normal people who do extraordinary things in their daily activities, Sanborn presents heart-warming business lessons that expose the value and endless possibilities for improving life and work that come from loving others.
fred factor :
summary
English structure : source & website
1500 Structured
* Level 1: https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B5QIXvjQSpGeaGNSWEk0VUp3X2c/view?usp=sharing
* Level 2: https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B5QIXvjQSpGeS1FJbmp4Q3pvYnM/view?usp=sharing
* Level 3: https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B5QIXvjQSpGebGRESjJPOGVMNWc/view?usp=sharing
* Key: https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B5QIXvjQSpGebWE3X2htYlRQVlE/view?usp=sharing
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1800 TOEFL Essential Vocabulary
https://drive.google.com/file/d/0Bwk3Ay1Z0xjKSW9fQW41bG5vZHM/view?usp=sharing
===========================
Basic English
https://drive.google.com/file/d/0Bwk3Ay1Z0xjKNmVvOEhHMVZ3Yjg/view?usp=sharing
==================
English Grammar in Use: Supplementary Exercises
https://drive.google.com/file/d/0Bwk3Ay1Z0xjKdDRObU5fVGh2b28/view?usp=sharing
===================
Better Reading English
https://vk.com/doc243798239_447155930
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How to Learn a Foreign Language
https://drive.google.com/file/d/0Bwk3Ay1Z0xjKNmc4cThyaUJCVVk/view?usp=sharing
=================
Read Better Remember More
https://drive.google.com/file/d/0Bwk3Ay1Z0xjKcWdmVkROZ0t5N3M/view?usp=sharing
=====================
CPE Word Formation
https://drive.google.com/file/d/0Bwk3Ay1Z0xjKRVdCNHBfVHBuUUE/view?usp=sharing
=================
Collected Poems
https://drive.google.com/file/d/0Bwk3Ay1Z0xjKaVlHMDAyTUlPUFU/view?usp=sharing
==================
Dangerous English
https://drive.google.com/file/d/0Bwk3Ay1Z0xjKYkpQX0tmbGt6TlU/view?usp=sharing
======================
American Sign Language
https://drive.google.com/file/d/0Bwk3Ay1Z0xjKUFhPbWtPRThRLUk/view?usp=sharing
==============
Writing Lessons for Content Area Writing
https://drive.google.com/file/d/0Bwk3Ay1Z0xjKdERKN1FvTXNmbUU/view?usp=sharing
=======================
The Semantics of English Prepositions
https://drive.google.com/file/d/0Bwk3Ay1Z0xjKNHBicVJjTHliMXM/view?usp=sharing
====================
For and Against
https://drive.google.com/file/d/0Bwk3Ay1Z0xjKMjRJUWwyMUt1ZUk/view?usp=sharing
====================
The Oxford Duden Pictorial English Dictionary
https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B5QIXvjQSpGeYjVjZmxKMHd0eWs/view?usp=sharing
========================
English Phonetics
https://drive.google.com/file/d/0Bwk3Ay1Z0xjKeXhUaHJkQURSajg/view?usp=sharing
====================
Vocabulary & Spelling Success
https://drive.google.com/file/d/0Bwk3Ay1Z0xjKVnVhM1o3NXFFVEU/view?usp=sharing
=====================
Reasoning Skills Success in 20 Minutes a Day
https://drive.google.com/file/d/0Bwk3Ay1Z0xjKRXN6M3lBNjlSdEk/view?usp=sharing
==================
Encyclopedia of Business and Finance
https://drive.google.com/file/d/0Bwk3Ay1Z0xjKbWRsZjZObGpDUUE/view?usp=sharing
====================
Write No Matter What
Advice for Academics
https://vk.com/doc243798239_447568733
====================
Developing Baseline Communication Skills
https://m.vk.com/doc5636145_444175264?hash=0fe5799e52767f6b83&dl=b8dab3f1ca1297c03d
======================
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PALATE, PALETTE, and PALLET THE CHALLENGE:
PALATE, PALETTE, and PALLET
THE CHALLENGE: Can you combine all three words into a sentence?
PALATE: a noun meaning "the roof of the mouth" and "the sense of taste."
PALETTE: a noun, meaning "the board painters use to hold and mix their colors."
PALLET: a noun, "a platform used for moving cargo or freight."
Listen to them if you like! ::
http://dictionary.cambridge.org/pronunciation/english/palate
http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/palette
http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/pallet
How to remember them:
palATE: has to do with food (ate).
paLLet: used for moving gOOds and shiPPing items (double letters)
TOP10 topics for Writing and Speaking parts of IELTS:
✏#TOP10 topics for Writing and Speaking parts of IELTS:
Many people do not realise that the IELTS system uses a group of ten key topics to formulate all of these questions in Speaking and Writing. If you understand these ten topics, and above all if you know some advanced vocabulary on each topic to use in your Speaking and Writing answers, you can make a huge difference to your IELTS Band score, even if your English contains some mistakes.
1)Topic 1: Work and careers ✔
The Work and careers topic includes issues of opportunities and problems at work, ways of motivating and rewarding workers, the work/life balance, changes in patterns of jobs and work (for example, the growth in working from home), career choices and training, and occasionally the relationship between government and businesses or industries.
You are not expected to know any vocabulary connected to specialised areas of finance, marketing and so on.
✏Topic 1 Example Task
Some employers offer their employees subsidized membership of gyms and sports clubs, believing that this will make their staff healthier and thus more effective at work. Other employers see no benefit in doing so.
Consider the arguments from both aspects of this possible debate, and reach a conclusion.
✏Explanation of the Task
This is an Opinion>Discussion type Task. You should introduce the topic, present two or three ideas on each side of the discussion, and then give your opinion in the conclusion.
If you are not already familiar with the different types of IELTS Academic Task 2 essay, please see the ‘Overview’ at the end of this book. It is essential to be familiar with these different essay types before you take the exam.
The following model essay shows you key words and phrases which you can use to increase your band score when discussing this topic, in both writing and speaking. The key words are highlighted in bold.
✏Band 9 model essay
Employers are always seeking ways to enhance their employees’ productivity, and subsidising healthy pursuits may be one way of achieving this. There are arguments on both sides, however, which we will discuss here.
On the one hand, it might be said that if workers are fitter and less stressed, their working time will be more efficient, leading to higher levels of output and service. Furthermore, the work/life balance of the staff will hopefully be improved, because their leisure time will be more fulfilling.This may even be more motivating than pay increments, perks, or financial rewards such as bonuses or incentives which may be hard to attain. Finally, feeling healthier may lead to better job satisfaction which is in itself a motivating factor.
Conversely, the problem with such leisure-based subsidies is that their efficacy is virtually impossible to quantify. For example, with target-related payments, employers can at least see whether the objectives are reached or not. It might also be said that, if this budget was spent on (for instance) on the job training or day release programmes, the employees would achieve better career progression and have better job prospects. These matters are all easier to measure, especially in performance reviews and appraisals, and may even help to reduce the risk of redundancy if the company restructures, downsizes or outsources its workforce.
Overall, it seems that, while health-related subsidies are superficially attractive, the lack of measurability is a substantial drawback. Spending funds on ongoing training would appear to be a better use of company or Human Resources budgets.
(259 words)
✏Explanation of the topic vocabulary and examples in Speaking
✔productivity = the ability of people to produce useful results at work. ‘My country is not as advanced as some other countries in our industrial sector. Productivity and quality are still quite low.’
✔to subsidise = to pay part of the cost of something, usually in order to help people. ‘The government could encourage children to be healthier by subsidising swimming lessons and sports coaching at weekends.’
✔output = the amount of work or goods produced. In Europe, industrial output has decreased, maybe because of competition from producers in other continents.
✔work/life balance = the ability to work hard but also enjoy a good quality family and social life. People are working long hours these days, and so their work/life balance is affected, leading to stress.
✔to motivate people = to give them positive reasons for working hard. If employees are given regular feedback, they will probably be well motivated and committed.
✔pay increments = pay rises/increases. In my country, pay increments have been very low because of the financial crisis.
✔perks = reward from an employer which are not financial (eg free lunches, a car etc). Personally, I’d like to work for a company that gives lots of perks, because I would find this very enjoyable.
✔financial rewards = any form of money payment (salary, commission, pension etc). Being a primary teacher may be satisfying, but the financial rewards are not high
✔bonuses = money given in addition to salary, usually in return for achieving targets. Apparently some investment bankers can earn millions of dollars in bonuses.
✔incentives = any reward that makes people work harder. Some employers offer vacations or parties as incentives if the team hits its sales targets.
✔job satisfaction = enjoyment of a job for non-financial reasons. I get a lot of job satisfaction from my work at the wildlife centre, although the financial rewards are quite low.
✔target-related = dependent on hitting a target. My boss once offered me a target-related bonus, but it was almost impossible to achieve!
✔on the job training = training while working, not by leaving work to go to college etc. My sister has found that the on the job training she gets at her bank is very useful, and she has progressed well because of this.
✔ongoing training = training throughout your time in a job, not just at the start. I enjoyed my work at the airline at first, but I soon found that there was no ongoing training and my skills weren’t really developed.
✔day release programmes = programmes of training or education when employees can spend entire days out of work. I feel that employers should be much more flexible regarding training, for example by subsidising day release programmes or job exchanges with other companies.
✔career progression = the ability to advance your career. The problem with being a freelance photographer is that there’s no real career progression, unless you become very famous.
✔job prospects = the possibility of promotion or higher level work in future. I remember an interview when the employer told me there were excellent job prospects in their firm for young people. In reality, this was not really true.
✔to measure = to assess the dimensions of something. Job satisfaction may be important, but can we really measure it?
✔superficial = not addressing deep or important issues. I’m not a big fan of traditional music. I find the lyrics rather old-fashioned and superficial for modern listeners.
✔performance reviews/appraisals = meeting at which an employer gives feedback to a worker on their work over a fixed period. I remember being worried about my job at first, but at my six month appraisal my manager told me she was pleased with my efforts.
✔redundancy = a situation where a worker loses their job because of changes in the company (not because of personal mistakes) (verb = to make someone redundant). In my home town, the textile factories have closed and many people have been made redundant.
✔to restructure = to change the organisation of a company, usually in order to make it more effective or to save money. We used to have a large training department in my office, but in our recent restructure it was eliminated and the staff were made redundant.
✔to downsize = to make an organisation smaller and employ fewer people. My father’s college used to employ almost one thousand people, but then it downsized and now has less than five hundred.
✔to outsource = to stop doing work inside the company and send it to other companies or other countries, usually to save money. Many American companies have outsourced their IT operations to Asian countries, where productivity is similar and salaries are lower.
✔the workforce = the total number of people working in an organisation, company or country. The workforce in Northern Europe is skilled, but it’s also inflexible and much older than in other parts of the world.
✔Human Resources (or HR) = the department in a company which manages recruitment, employment and training. When I graduate, I plan to work in the Human Resources area of the oil industry, possibly in the Middle East.
✏#TOP10 topics for Writing and Speaking parts of IELTS:
3)Topic 3: Children and families
The Children and families topic includes child psychology and development, ways of bringing up children, family discipline, child care, preschool learning, parental roles, family structures and roles (for example nuclear or extended families), adolescence, teenagers and elderly family members.
Important: Please remember that the topics are used in different ways in the Writing and Speaking parts of the IELTS test.
In the Academic Writing test Task 2, you should present ideas or opinions about society in general, but not about your personal life. In the Speaking test, the examiner will always ask you both about society in general (in Speaking part 3) and also about your personal life, country and background (in Speaking parts 1 and 2.)
With controversial topics such as ‘families’ and ‘health,’ some candidates become confused about this difference, but it’s absolutely essential to remember if you want to achieve a very high Band!
✏Topic 3 example Task
Some people believe that children should spend all of their free time with their families. Others believe that this is unnecessary or even negative. Discuss the possible arguments on both sides, and say which side you personally support.
✏Explanation of the Task
This is another Opinion>Discussion type Task. You should introduce the topic, present two or three ideas on each side of the discussion, and then give your opinion in the conclusion. Remember that these Opinion>Discussion Tasks might be expressed in different ways; look for the instruction key word ‘discuss’ and its synonyms such as ‘debate,’ ‘consider’ and ‘review.’
✏Band 9 model essay
Nobody can deny that parental influence is important for children, at least in cases where children live with their parents, foster parents or guardians. However, it is by no means clear that children should spend time exclusively in the family, as we will see.
On the one hand, it may appear advisable for parents to act as role models and to establish ground rules for behavior by spending as much time as possible with their children. This allows the youngsters to absorb conventions and codes of conduct which they can then follow themselves, hopefully leading to an absence of problems such as bullying, truancy and delinquency later on.
Furthermore, being with the family should reduce the risk of children falling victim to crimes such as abduction, or coming under the influence of negative peer pressure.
On the other hand, we have to ask whether this is a practical proposition. In a society where many families are dual-income, or where one parent’s role as breadwinner means he/she is away from the family for long periods, it is inevitable that children cannot spend all of their time with the family. Child-minding and after-school childcare are often used in these cases, and if managed properly, these can be perfectly viable alternatives. Equally, it seems that children can in some cases learn a considerable amount from their peers in addition to adults, and allowing them to play without direct supervision may be a benefit.
To conclude, it appears that, while family time is essential for bonding and absorbing patterns of behaviour, there are definite advantages when children are outside the family too. This is provided that they are in a safe, well-behaved environment with peers who are themselves reasonably well brought-up.
(287 words)
✏ Explanation of the topic vocabulary and examples in Speaking
foster parents = people who have children living in their existing family for a fixed period, with the original parents’ agreement. Being a foster parent is a difficult and tiring role, I can imagine.
✔guardians = people who are legally appointed to protect a child’s interests in the absence of
parents. In some countries, the government appoints a guardian if the parents die or experience severe difficulties.
✔role models = people that children look to and respect as good examples. In some countries, the royal family are good role models for youngsters, although in other cases this is not the case.
✔ground rules = basic rules governing the way people can behave in a situation. During the school holidays, my parents had strict ground rules for what we could do outside.
✔conventions = traditions or social norms that most people follow. It’s a convention for grandparents to live with their children in many countries.
✔codes of conduct = voluntary rules which people accept in a situation. The Boy Scouts have a firm code of conduct, which seems to be a positive influence.
✔bullying = when children attack and intimidate other children. Bullying could be reduced through better awareness and positive peer pressure in schools.
✔truancy = when a pupil leaves school without permission (verb = to play truant from school) . I must confess that at secondary school I sometimes played truant and went to the park with my friends.
✔delinquency = minor crime (often by young people). Delinquency is a huge problem in urban areas, especially when policing is minimal.
✔abduction = the crime of taking or kidnapping people for a criminal reason. Child abduction is a great concern for many parents, especially in South America.
✔peer pressure = the pressure from people in the same group to act in a certain way. Many children start smoking due to peer pressure or bad role models.
✔dual-income = a family where both the father and mother work. In many countries, the dual-income family is the norm nowadays.
✔breadwinner = the person who earns all or most of the money in a family. In some families, the father is still the only breadwinner.
✔child-minding = caring informally (not in schools) for children when parents are busy or working. In some countries, the state subsidises the costs of child-minding.
✔after-school childcare = caring for children in a school setting, as above. Many families rely on after-school childcare because both parents work and commute.
✔viable = practical and possible to achieve. It is not really viable to expect all children to get maximum grades in exams.
✔peers = people in the same group or level as yourself. Many of my peers from school are now working for charities.
✔bonding = the development of close emotional connections between people. Festivals and parties are an ideal time for families to bond.
patterns of behaviour = ways of acting and doing things (either positive or negative) . Unfortunately, some children absorb dangerous patterns of behaviour when watching movies or playing computer games.
✔well brought-up (to bring up children = to raise and educate them in your own moral, behavioural or religious conventions) . I was brought up in a very religious family, and I seem to have absorbed their values.
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+91 99789 99990
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✏#TOP10 topics for Writing and Speaking parts of IELTS:
2)Topic 2: Education and schooling
The Education and schooling topic includes teaching methods and resources, approaches to exams and testing, school management, pupil motivation, behaviour and discipline, school sport, extra-curricular activities, higher/further education and course funding.
✏Topic 2 example Task
‘The Internet will never replace traditional course books in schools.’ How far do you agree with this prediction?
✏Explanation of the Task
This is an Opinion>Personal viewpoint type essay (it asks how far you agree with an idea.) You should introduce the topic and give your opinion in the introduction, then explain why you have this view. You should briefly consider the opposing view, then restate your opinion in the conclusion.
Notice how this essay type is different from the Opinion>Discussion type which we saw in Topic 1, which asks you to discuss both sides of a debate.
✏Band 9 model essay
There is a huge range of resources available to the modern teacher, and the right selection is crucial in delivering effective lessons. I agree that there will always be a place for course books in the school curriculum, despite the many benefits of the Internet.
Firstly, course books (whether conventional or digital) have been developed by pedagogical experts and designed to be incorporated into a subject syllabus, leading to testing procedures such as formal examinations or continuous assessment. This means that they are proven to improve students’ academic achievement, enhancing their potential for progression to further or higher education. Furthermore, the use of modern course books allows pupils to coordinate their studies as part of group work, hopefully making their lessons less teacher-led and more about autonomous learning. This in itself teaches study skills such as independent research and synthesizing sources, rather than old-fashioned rote-learning. This is where the Internet, in fact, can play a useful part: to supplement and add to knowledge which the students are assimilating via their course books.
However, it is the role of teachers and school management generally to ensure that use of the Internet remains a guided learning process, and not an exercise in data-gathering from Internet sources which may be unreliable or even misleading.
It is true that the Internet can be invaluable for adults (for example in distance learning or
self-study modules) who are able to discriminate between sources and sift information to marshal their facts. However, this is a mature skill and we should not assume that school age pupils are ready to do this.
Overall, it appears that course books, with their quality and depth of material, are set to remain an integral part of the syllabus. The internet can be judged a useful supplement to this, if used carefully and under supervision.
(304 words)
✏Explanation of the topic vocabulary and examples in Speaking
✔curriculum = the full range of subjects offered by a school or group of schools. The curriculum in private schools is sometimes wider than in state schools, because they have more resources.
✔pedagogical (experts) = (experts in) education and teaching. I admire pedagogical pioneers such as the Victorian English thinkers who began free schools for all children.
✔syllabus = the content of elements taught in a specific subject. The syllabus for geography at my school included volcanoes, earthquakes and tidal waves, which we found fascinating.
✔formal examinations = exams where students answer set written or spoken questions without assistance.
✔continuous assessment = giving students marks for course work or projects, rather than formal exams. At my school, our grades were based 50/50 on formal examinations and continuous assessment, which we thought was very fair to all the children.
✔academic achievement = the measurable performance of a student in marks, exam results etc. In my country, children enjoy school, but academic achievement is frankly quite low.
✔further education = education after leaving school at the minimum age. Some governments encourage further education by allowing teenagers to claim benefits while they study.
✔higher education = education after age 18 at college or University, usually for a Degree. When I pass IELTS, I plan to go on to higher education in Canada and do a degree in engineering.
✔group work = study where pupils discuss and agree a project together. Personally, I think that group work enables lazy children to do less work than the eager ones.
✔teacher-led lessons = traditional lessons where the teacher delivers a long talk and the students take notes. In my country, lessons are still very teacher-led and interaction is rather limited.
✔autonomous learning = when a student learns through independent study and research. At University, you are expected to be an autonomous learner far more than at High School, which is quite exciting for me.
✔study skills = the skills of organizing, using and checking study work. My study skills were rather weak until I read an excellent book by a Japanese pedagogical expert.
✔to synthesize sources = to use a variety of sources and combine them in one project. I use the Internet to synthesize my sources, and I always cite the origin of the information. (to cite sources = to acknowledge publicly)
✔rote-learning = learning by repetition and memorizing items. I used to think that rote-learning was a negative approach, but my recent experiences teaching in a South African school have changed my view.
✔to supplement = to add extra content or material. My supervisor said that I should supplement my essay with more examples of experiments.
✔to assimilate knowledge = to absorb and understand it. I always use a dictionary when I study in English, to help me assimilate new phrases.
✔guided learning = learning under the supervision of a teacher. Lessons in Primary Schools should always contain guided learning, otherwise the children will lose focus.
✔data-gathering = collecting information, usually in numerical form. Mobile phone companies employ many people in data-gathering Tasks, to see how users are using the phones and Internet.
✔distance learning = learning by the Internet or email, rather than face-to-face. My mother took an entire degree by distance learning over a period of five years.
✔self-study = studying using a course without a teacher’s involvement. There are many self-study guides to improving your English, and some of them are actually quite good.
✔to discriminate between sources = to decide whether one source is better or more reliable than another source. Children should not study using unsupervised Internet access, because they can’t discriminate between the sources of information they find.
✔to sift information = to remove unwanted or less useful information. I had to sift hundreds of pages of data to arrive at my conclusions when I did my thesis.
✔to marshal facts = to organise facts in support of an idea. In IELTS essays, you should marshal a few facts to support each idea in the argument.
✔an integral part of the syllabus = essential, central or indispensable. Nutrition is an integral part of food sciences these days.
✔to work/study under supervision = under the direction of a responsible person. At college, I discovered I did not have to work under supervision all the time, and I was free to do independent research.
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English tips
*English Tips* 💬
📙 _I was busy + (verb-ing)_
*When using the word 'was', you are referring to something in a past tense, or something that happened before. Combining it with the word 'busy' you can express something that was occupying you in a past time.*
_Here are some examples:_
"I was busy thinking."
"I was busy working."
"I was busy cooking dinner."
"I was busy talking on the phone."
"I was busy cleaning the house."
"I was busy studying for my test."
"I was busy thinking of ideas for our website."
"I was busy entertaining our neighbors."
"I was busy completing my housework."
"I was busy learning new things."
*By changing 'was' to 'am' you change your message from past tense to present tense and refer to something you are doing 'now.'*
_Here are some examples:_
"I am busy working."
"I am busy cooking dinner."
"I am busy studying for my test."
"I am busy completing housework."
"I am busy talking on the phone."
English learning website
http://www.worldclasslearning.com/english/english-tenses.html
useful websites
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www.wikipedia.org
www.refdesk.com
www.differencebetween.com
www.acronymfinder.com
www.tfd.com
www.dictionary.com
www.oxforddictionaries.com
www.dictionary.cambridge.org
www.merriam-webster.com
www.yourdictionary.com
www.vocabularypage.com
www.grammarly.com
www.usingenglish.com
www.gujaratilexicon.com
www.worldwidewords.org
www.enotes.com
www.sparknotes.com
www.indiacelebrating.com
www.shmoop.com
www.pdfdrive.com
www.answers.com
poems
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www.poemhunter.com
www.tahuko.com
www.kavitakosh.org
www.layastaro.com
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www.facebook.com/englishworld2013
+91 99789 99990
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