Wednesday, August 9, 2017

Life in a Love BY ROBERT BROWNING

Life in a Love
BY ROBERT BROWNING

Escape me?
Never—
Beloved!
While I am I, and you are you,
So long as the world contains us both,
Me the loving and you the loth,
While the one eludes, must the other pursue.
My life is a fault at last, I fear:
It seems too much like a fate, indeed!
Though I do my best I shall scarce succeed.
But what if I fail of my purpose here?
It is but to keep the nerves at strain,
To dry one's eyes and laugh at a fall,
And, baffled, get up and begin again,—
So the chase takes up one's life, that's all.
While, look but once from your farthest bound
At me so deep in the dust and dark,
No sooner the old hope goes to ground
Than a new one, straight to the self-same mark,
I shape me—
Ever
Removed!

English Unit Noun

English Unit Noun~ संज्ञा की इकाई अध्ययन

1. A stream of Traffic. - यातायात की कतार
2. A cluster of star. - तारो का समूह
3. A bunch of keys. - चाभियो का गुच्छा
4. A grain of sand. - बालू का कण
5. A team of player. - खिलाडियों का एक दल
6. A beat of information. - एक सूचना
7. A Piece of Advice. - एक सलाह
8. A pile of arms. - हथियारों का ढेर
9. A bevy of Girls. - लड़कियों की झुण्ड
10. A bundle of sticks. - लकडियो का गट्ठर
11. A cake of soap. - साबुन का टुकड़ा
12. A sheet of paper. - कागज का एक ताव
13. A flat of ship. - जहाजो का बेड़ा
14. A chain of Mountain - पर्वत श्रृंखला
15. A speck of dust - धुल की परत
16. A peal of laughter - हँसी का फुहारा
17. A ball of wood - लकड़ी का गट्ठर
18. A blade of grass - घास का दुकड़ा
19. A block of Ice - बर्फ का टुकड़ा
20. A stroke of Luck - भाग्य का एक हिस्सा
21. A volley of Questions- प्रश्नों की झड़ी
22. A heap of rubbish - कूड़े का ढेर
23. A volley of Abuse - गाली का बौछार
24. A volley of applause - प्रशंसा की लहर
25. A column of Ants - चीटियों की कतार

Family Phrasal Verbs:

💥Family Phrasal Verbs:

1. To grow up: to become mature and adult

2. To look up to someone: to respect and admire someone

3. To bring someone up: to raise a child, to give a child particular belief

4. To take after someone: to resemble in appearance or character.

5. To get on with someone: to have a friendly relationship with someone.

6. To tell someone off: to rebuke severely, reprimand.

7. To fall out with someone: to have an argument.

8. To look after someone: to take care of someone.

9. To get together: to spend time together.

Tuesday, August 8, 2017

IELTS TIPS

IELTS TIPS
BUSINESS
===================
• to run your own business: to have a business of your own
• to set up a business: to start a business
• to work for yourself: (see ‘to be self-employed’)
• to draw up a business plan: to write a plan for a new business
• to be self-employed: to work for yourself/to not work for an employer
• to go it alone: to start your own business
• cut throat competition: when one company lowers its prices, forcing other companies to do the same, sometimes to a point where business becomes unprofitable
• to go bust: when a business is forced to close because it is unsuccessful
• to make a profit: to earn more money than it costs to run the business
• to go into business with: to join another person to start or expand a business
• niche business: a business that serves a small, particular market
• lifestyle business: a business that is set up to bring in a sufficient income and no more
• to take on employees: to employ people
• to earn a living: to earn money
• to have a web presence: to have a website or social media profile that showcases your business
• cash flow: the money coming in and going out of a business
• to raise a company profile: to make more people aware of a business
• to balance the books: to not spend more money than you are earning
• to win a contract: when a business gets legally-binding work with an individual or company
• to launch a product: to start selling and promoting a new product
• sales figures: a report of the income a company generates through sales of products or services
• to go under: (see ‘to go bust’)
• to do market research: to do research into what potential customers would or wouldn’t buy
• stiff competition: strong competition from other companies in the same area of work
• to take out a loan: to borrow money
• to lay someone off: when a company ends an employee’s contract of employment
• to cold call: to make a sales call to someone without asking them for permission first
• to drum up business: to try to get customers
========================
EDUCATION
-----------------------
• to attend classes: to go to classes
• private language school: an independent school run as a business concern
• an intensive course: a course that offers lots of training in order to reach a goal in as short a time as possible
• to meet a deadline: to finish a job or task in the time allowed or agreed
• to keep up with your studies: to not fall behind
• to learn something by heart: to memorize it
• a single-sex school: a school where only boys or girls attend (as opposed to a mixed-sex school)
• state school: a school paid for by public funds and available to the general public
• to play truant: to stay away from classes without permission
• bachelors degree: an undergraduate course which usually lasts 3-4 years
• to take a year out: to spend a year working or travelling before starting university
• a mature student: a student who is older than average and who has usually returned to education after a period at work
• to work your way through university: to have a paid job whilst studying to support yourself financially
• to sit an exam: to take an exam
• a graduation ceremony: an event where a successful student receives his or her academic degree
• higher education: education, usually in a college or university, that is followed after high school or secondary school
• masters degree: a period of study which often follows the completion of a bachelors degree or is undertaken by someone regarded as capable of a higher-level academic course
• distance learning: a way of studying where tuition is carried out over the Internet or by post
• to give feedback: to offer guidance on a student’s work
• subject specialist: a teacher who has a great deal of knowledge about the subject they teach
• tuition fees: the money paid for a course of study
• face-to-face classes: as opposed to distance learning the traditional way of studying in a classroom with colleagues and a teacher
• to fall behind with your studies: to progress less quickly than others
• boarding school: a school where pupils live during term time
• public schools: exclusive independent schools in the UK
============================
ENVIRONMENT
----------------------
• pollution levels: the amount of toxic waste
• air quality: the cleanliness of the air we breathe
• exhaust fumes: the toxic gases given off by vehicles powered by petrol
• heavy industry: the manufacture of heavy articles and materials in large numbers
• to get back to nature: to live a life that is closer to nature
• the natural world: the world of nature
impact on: the effect on
• energy conservation: the careful management of energy resources to ensure they last as long as possible
• environmentally friendly: behaviour and products that do not harm the environment
• natural disaster: an event such as an earthquake, flood or hurricane which causes widespread damage or loss of life
• to be under threat: to be in danger of becoming extinct
• to become extinct: to no longer exist
• endangered species: categories of animals or plants that are in danger of becoming extinct
• loss of habitat: the decline in areas of land where animals and plants would normally exist
• poaching: to hunt and kill wild animals illegally
• future generations: the people who live after us
• natural environment: the place where animals and plants would normally be found in nature
• wildlife conservation: to protect animals and plants and their habitats
• to die out: see ‘to become extinct’
• climate change: the change in worldwide weather patterns
• flash floods: floods that happen quickly
• global warming: the increasing temperature of the world brought about by gases such as carbon dioxide
•toxic waste: poisonous, unwanted rubbish often produced by industrial processes
•oil spill: waste usually deposited in the seas and oceans after an accident at sea
• fossil fuels: energy resources like gas and oil that are produced deep below the ground over millions of years
•humanitarian aid: the act of showing support to people struggling to survive
• man-made disaster: widespread damage or loss of life brought about by the action of humans • pressure group: a group of people who try to raise awareness of issues and try to affect the views and actions of people and organisations
========================
FASHION
----------------
• a slave to fashion: someone who always feel the need to wear the latest fashions
• old fashioned: not in fashion any more
• must-have: something that is highly fashionable and therefore in demand
• casual clothes: not formal
• to get dressed up: to put on nice clothes, often to go out somewhere special
• to look good in: to wear something that suits you
• fashion icon: a person who is famous for their sense of fashion
• vintage clothes: clothes from an earlier period
• classic style: a simple, traditional style that is always fashionable
• to go out of fashion: to not be in fashion any more
• timeless: something that doesn’t go out of fashion
• well-dressed: to be dressed attractively
• to have a sense of style: the ability to wear clothes that look stylish
• off the peg: clothing that is ready made
• designer label: a well-known company that makes (often expensive) clothing
• dressed to kill: wearing clothes that attract admirers
• to keep up with the latest fashion: to wear the latest fashions
• to suit someone: to look good on someone
• to take pride in one’s appearance: to pay attention to how one looks
• smart clothes: the kind of clothes worn for a formal event
• to be on trend: to be very fashionable
• to dress for the occasion: to wear clothes suitable for a particular event
• fashion house: a company that sells (usually expensive) new styles in clothes
• fashion show: an event where modals show off the latest in fashion designs
• on the catwalk: the stage that modals walk along to show off the latest fashions
• to mix and match: to wear different styles or items of clothing that aren’t part of a set outfit
• hand-me-downs: clothes that are passed down from older brothers or sisters to their younger siblings
• to have an eye for (fashion): to be a good judge of
• fashionable: in fashion
• the height of fashion: very fashionable
=========================
FOOD
-------------
• a ready meal: see ‘processed food’
• a take away: a cooked meal prepared in a restaurant and eaten at home
• me-cooked food: food cooked at home from individual ingredients
• the main meal: the most important meal of the day, usually eaten in the evening
• to grab a bite to eat: to eat something quickly (when you’re in a rush)
• to spoil your appetite: to est something that will stop you feeling hungry when it’s meal-time.
• to be starving hungry: an exaggerated way of saying you are very hungry
• to eat like a horse: to eat a lot
• a fussy eater: somebody who has their own very high standards about what to eat
• to work up an appetite: to do physical work that leads to you becoming hungry
• to wine and dine: to entertain someone by treating them to food and drink
• a slap up meal: a large meal
• to be full up: to eat to the point that you can no longer eat any more
• to make your mouth water: to make you feel very hungry for something
• to have a sweet tooth: to enjoy sugary food
• to foot the bill: to pay the bill
• to eat a balanced diet: to eat the correct types and amounts of food
• processed food: commercially prepared food bought for convenience
• a quick snack: to eat a small amount of food between meals
• to be dying of hunger: an exaggerated way of saying you are hungry
• to tuck into: to eat something with pleasure
• to follow a recipe: to cook a meal using instructions
• to bolt something down: to eat something very quickly
• to play with your food: to push food around the plate to avoid eating it • to tuck into: to eat something with pleasure
• to follow a recipe: to cook a meal using instructions
Addition:
• to bolt something down: to eat something very quickly
• to play with your food: to push food around the plate to avoid eating it
==========================
Shailesh Ramanuj

How come + (subject + verb

How come + (subject + verb) का प्रयोग

When using 'how come' you are asking why a particular thing has or had to take place.

Here are some examples:
यहाँ कुछ उदाहरण हैं:

"How come parents worry so much?"
"माता पिता इतने चिंतित क्यों होते है?"

"How come people carpool to work?"
"लोग कारपूल पर काम क्यों करते है?"

"How come you are so upset?"
"तुम इतने उदास क्यों हो रहे हो?"

"How come he will not call you?"
"वह आपको कॉल क्यों नहीं करेगा?"

"How come you stayed out so late?"
"तुम इतनी देर से बाहर क्यों थे?"

"How come you cannot make a decision?"
"तुम एक फैसला क्यों नहीं ले सकते?"

"How come you always question me?"
"आप हमेशा मुझसे प्रश्न क्यों करते हो?"

"How come we never agree?"
"हम कभी भी सहमत नहीं थे?"

"How come your dog digs in the yard?"
"आपका कुत्ता बाड़े में क्यों खोदता है?"

"How come she will not come over?"
"वह क्यों नहीं आएगी?"

I gotta + (verb)

I gotta + (verb)

I gotta' is grammatically incorrect. It is more of a spoken form. If you want to say this with proper grammar, the equivalent would be, 'I have got to' or 'I've got to'. In the spoken form, 'got to' is shortened to 'gotta' and the word 'have' is dropped.

Here are some examples:
यहाँ कुछ उदाहरण हैं:

"I gotta manage my money."
"मुझे अपने पैसों को मैनेज करना होगा"

"I gotta obey the laws."
"मुझे नियमो का पालन करना होगा"

"I gotta move to a bigger house."
"मुझे बड़े मकान में मूव करना होगा"

"I gotta impress my boss."
"मुझे अपने बॉस को इम्प्रेस करना होगा"

"I gotta brush my teeth."
"मुझे अपने दांतो को ब्रश करना होगा"

By adding the word 'have' you can change what you are saying to express something that needs to be done in the near future.

Here are some examples:
यहाँ कुछ उदाहरण हैं:

"I have got to be on time to work."
"मुझे काम के लिए समय पर जाना पड़ेगा"

"I've gotta try harder at school."
"मुझे स्कूल में कठिन परिश्रम करना पड़ेगा "

"I've gotta tell my wife I'll be late."
"मुझे अपनी पत्नी को बताना होगा की मै लेट हो जाऊंगा"

"I've gotta learn more about the laws."
"मुझे नियमो के बारे में ज्यादा सीखना पड़ेगा"

"I've gotta clean my house today."
"मुझे आज अपना घर साफ़ करना पड़ेगा"

Can I get + (noun)

Can I get + (noun)

The phrase 'Can I get' can be used in a couple different ways. You can use it to ask a question.

Here are some examples:
यहाँ कुछ उदाहरण हैं:

"Can I get a cup of water?"
"क्या मैं एक गिलास पानी ले सकता हूँ?"

"Can I get a dog?"
"क्या मैं कुत्ता ले सकता हूँ?"

"Can I get lunch?"
"क्या मैं लंच ले सकता हूँ?"

"Can I get sugar in my coffee?"
"क्या मैं कॉफी में शुगर ले सकता हूँ?"

"Can I get popcorn at the movie?"
"क्या मैं मूवी पर पॉपकॉर्न ले सकता हूँ?"

You can also use it when offering to help someone or do something for them.

Here are some examples:
यहाँ कुछ उदाहरण हैं:

"Can I get you another drink?"
"क्या मैं आपके लिए दूसरा ड्रिंक ले सकता है?"

"Can I help you move that?"
"क्या मैं यह हटाने आपकी मदद कर सकता है?"

"Can I recommend a good place to eat?"
"क्या मैं आपके खाने के लिए एक अच्छी जगह की सिफारिश कर सकता है?"

"Can I take you home?"
"क्या मैं आपको घर ले जा सकता है?"

"Can I help you finish your project?"
"क्या मैं आपकी प्रोजेक्ट खत्म करने में मदद सकता है?"

I wanna + (verb)

I wanna + (verb)

The word 'wanna' is incorrect grammatically. It is equivalent to 'want to.' When combined with the word 'I' it helps communicate something you want to do.

Here are some examples:
यहाँ कुछ उदाहरण हैं:

"I wanna talk."
"मैं बात करना चाहता हूं।"

"I wanna search for a job."
"मैं नौकरी के लिए खोज करना चाहते हैं।"

"I wanna order some food."
"मैं खाने का ऑर्डर करना चाहता हूँ।"

"I wanna marry her."
"मैं उससे शादी करना चाहता हूँ।"

"I wanna listen to that song."
"मैं वह गाना सुनना चाहता हूँ"

By adding the word 'don't' you can change the meaning of what you are saying to something you 'want' to do to something you 'do not' want to do.

Here are some examples:
यहाँ कुछ उदाहरण हैं:

"I don't wanna talk."
"मैं बात नहीं करना चाहता हूँ।"

"I don't wanna search for a job."
"मैं नौकरी के लिए खोज नहीं करना चाहता हूँ"

"I don't wanna marry her."
"मैं उससे शादी नहीं करना चाहता।"

"I don't wanna listen to that song."
"मैं वह गाना नही सुनना चाहता"

"I don't wanna order some food."
"मैं खाने का ऑर्डर नहीं करना चाहता हूँ। "

I'm gonna + (verb)

I'm gonna + (verb)

The word 'gonna' is incorrect grammatically. The equivalent in proper grammar would be 'going to.' When using the word 'gonna' you are telling someone what you are planning to do at that moment or in the near future.

Here are some examples:
यहाँ कुछ उदाहरण हैं:

"I'm gonna have some coffee."
"मैं कॉफी पीने जा रहा हूं।"

"I'm gonna go to work."
"मैं काम के लिए जा रहा हूँ।"

"I'm gonna eat some cake."
"मैं केक खाने जा रहा हूँ ।"

"I'm gonna send out my resume."
"मैं अपना रिज्यूम भेजने जा रहा हूँ  "

"I'm gonna run a marathon."
"मैं एक मैराथन में दौड़ने जा रहा हूँ।"

"I'm gonna ask her out for dinner."
"मैं उससे रात का खाना बाहर खाने के लिए पूछने जा रहा हूँ।"

"I'm gonna stop smoking."
"मैं धूम्रपान छोड़ने वाला हूँ"

"I'm gonna help my friends." "मैं अपने दोस्तों की मदद करने जा रहा हूँ।"

"I'm gonna take swim lessons."
"मैं तैराकी का सबक लेने जा रहा हूँ"

"I'm gonna read a book."
"मैं एक किताब पढने जा रहा हूँ।"

I'm having a hard time + (verb-ing

I'm having a hard time + (verb-ing) का प्रयोग

By stating you are having a hard time you are letting someone know you are having difficulty with something. This could be something physical or mental and something that could be overcome with effort.

Here are some examples:
यहाँ कुछ उदाहरण हैं:

"I'm having a hard time writing."
"I'm having a hard time understanding you."
"I'm having a hard time answering your question."
"I'm having a hard time downloading songs to my iPod."
"I'm having a hard time agreeing to the terms."

With the addition of an adverb you can express in more detail just how difficult something is for you.

Here are some examples:
यहाँ कुछ उदाहरण हैं:

"I'm having an extremely hard time trusting you."
"I'm having an extremely hard time with my wife."
"I'm having a very hard time finding a job."
"I'm having a very hard time finding parts for my car."

Introductory There

Introductory There

The structure there + to be is very commonly used to say that something exists. There is normally an adverb of place. But the introductory there does not have any adverbial sense and is merely used to introduce the sentence.

There are many stars in the sky.
This sentence can also be written as ‘Many stars are in the sky’.

But normally the form with there is preferred, though the real subject is many stars.

There is some water in the bottle. (More natural than Water is in the bottle.)
There is a hole in my socks. (More natural than A hole is in my socks.)
There is a bridge over the river.
There were few very accidents last year.
There is no way out.
There have been many such incidents.
There are some people waiting outside.
There is something wrong with him.
There is no point in talking about it again.
There is no going back on it.
There is no denying the fact that she stole the money.

Notes

Note that we use there are with plural subjects and there is with singular subjects. However, in informal speech there is is also common before plural subjects.

There is some grapes in the fridge. (Informal)
There are some grapes in the fridge. (Formal)

There can be used in this way with all the tenses of be.

Once upon a time there was a beautiful princess.
There will be somebody at home.
There has never been anybody like you.

After there is, the structure no + gerund can be used to indicate impossibility.

There is no knowing what she did with the money. = It is impossible to know what she did with the money.
There is no denying the fact that she stole the money. = It is impossible to deny the fact that she stole the money.
There is no knowing what will happen. = It is impossible to know what will happen.

Note that the expressions ‘There is no question of denying the fact …’, ‘There is no question of satisfying …’ etc., are incorrect in standard English and should be avoided.

The introductory there can also be used with intransitive verbs.

There came a knock at the door.
There seems to be a problem.
There happened to be no one near by to help her.
There grew a warm relationship between them.

Note that we do not normally use there in sentences with a definite subject (e.g. a noun with a definite article or a proper name).

Alice was at the club. (NOT There was Alice at the club.)
The boy was playing with his toys. (NOT There was the boy playing with his toys.)

I'm working on + (noun)

I'm working on + (noun)

I'm' is a contraction for the words 'I am.' The phrase 'working on' relays a physical or mental effort towards an accomplishment.

Here are some examples:
यहाँ कुछ उदाहरण हैं:

"I'm working on a big project."
"मैं एक बड़ी परियोजना पर काम कर रहा हूँ।"

"I'm working on training my dog."
"मैं अपने कुत्ते के प्रशिक्षण पर काम कर रहा हूँ।"

"I'm working on making new friends."
"मैं नए दोस्त बनाने पर काम कर रहा हूँ।"

"I'm working on educating myself."
"मैं अपने आप को शिक्षित करने पर काम कर रहा हूँ।"

"I'm working on my homework."
"मैं अपने होमवर्क पर काम कर रहा हूँ।"

"I am working on painting a house."
"मैं एक घर के चित्र पर काम कर रहा हूँ।"

"I am working on a new idea."
"मैं एक नए विचार पर काम कर रहा हूँ।"

"I am working on my computer."
"मैं अपने कंप्यूटर पर काम कर रहा हूँ।"

"I'm working on my website."
"मैं अपनी वेबसाइट पर काम कर रहा हूँ।"

Monday, August 7, 2017

Verb

Verb की एक और महत्वपूर्ण भुमिका कर्म का समय चक्र का सन्दर्भ की जानकारी देने की है. Verb के रूप से पता चलता है कि कर्म वर्तमान समय में चल रहा है, गुजरे समय में हो चुका है या आगे आनेवाले समय में होने वाला है.

Present Tense

The verb that indicates the current time is in the Present Tense.
Verb जो वर्तमान समय को सूचित करता है Present Tense होता है.

Past Tense

The verb that points to an previous time-frame, time that has already passed is said to be in the Past Tense.
Verb जो गुजरे समय को सूचित करता है Past Tense होता है.

Future Tense

Similarly, if the time-frame indicated by the verb is yet to come, ie is in the future, the verb is said to be in the Future Tense.
वह Verb जो भविष्य में आने वाले समय को सूचित करता है Future Tenseहोता है.

Present Tense
I walk to school
Sahib runs fast.
The children play football.

Past Tense
I walked to school.
Sahib ran fast.
The children playedfootball.

Future
I shall walk to school.
Sahib will run fast.
The children will play football.

Assonance

Assonance

Assonance refers to repetition of sounds produced by vowels within a sentence or phrase. In this regard assonance can be understood to be a kind of alliteration. What sets it apart from alliterations is that it is the repetition of only vowel sounds. Assonance is the opposite of consonance, which implies repetitive usage of consonant sounds.

Example:

“A long song”. (Where the ‘o’ sound is repeated in the last two words of the sentence)
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Function of Symbolism in Poetry.

Function of Symbolism in Poetry.

Symbolism in poetry is a sort of literary shorthand, used to convey deeper meanings than the words themselves would otherwise. The metrical verse of poetry is chosen specifically because of the larger context and connections they can convey to the reader, who must make individual associations based on his or her own personal experiences. Symbolism allows this to take place in poetry by avoiding directly mentioning intent. The poet attempts to evoke unique and strong feelings in the reader through symbolism in poetry, instead of direct statements that would limit its scope and the diverse reactions it could have on various audiences.

A primary reason for poetry's ability to stimulate reactions in the reader is due to its use of symbolism, using far fewer words than prose. This trait of poetry led to a widespread movement known as the Symbolism movement in France, Russia, and Belgium during the mid-19th century. It was a popular transitional period that bridged the earlier Romantic period of the mid-18th century, with Modernism and Surrealism movements in the arts of the early 20th century.

Another function of symbolism in poetry has been to hide the true meaning of a poem, when its intention is to address taboo subjects of the day. Charles Baudelaire is considered one of the primary founders of the Symbolism movement. He published his collection of poems, Les Fleurs du Mal, or The Flowers of Evil, in 1857, Paris, France. Several poems in the collection were considered obscene by the authorities for allusions to such topics as lesbianism, Satanism, and drug addiction, and, though the author and publisher were fined for promulgating such work, it sold out quickly. It also served as a great impetus to other poets to begin using symbolism in poetry to express their controversial views on life.

The origin of the use of symbolism in poetry arose at a time in western societies when mechanization and the exploitations of physical science were taking root. Ideas about human perceptions of the world promoted by biologists like Charles Darwin and philosophers like Auguste Comte suggested that nothing was real except what could be perceived by the senses. Symbolist poets felt that this degraded the mystical and spiritual aspect of human existence. Poetry's use of symbolism both then and now has been a direct attempt to maintain the legitimacy of inner life and contemplation that goes beyond what can be quantified or given a dollar value.

Due to these roots in the founding of symbolism in poetry, the arena has continued to focus on valuing ethereal concepts such as love, the meaning of life, and changing cultural values over measurable facts attained through strict reasoning. This allows symbolism to be expressed in a wide variety of formats, from lyrical poems that can be sung or played on musical instruments to free association poems that, on the surface, may appear nonsensical until thought about more deeply. The genre has also had a traditional focus on the dark side of human nature, using symbolism in an attempt to bring to light aspects of human existence that are often carefully buried by all other expressions in human culture.

Measure for Measure by William Shakespeare

Measure for Measure by William Shakespeare.

Measure for Measure is a play by William Shakespeare, believed to have been written in 1603 or 1604. Originally published in the First Folio of 1623, where it was listed as a comedy, the play's first recorded performance occurred in 1604. The play's main themes include justice, "mortality and mercy in Vienna," and the dichotomy between corruption and purity: "some rise by sin, and some by virtue fall."

Summary:

Shakespeare's Measure for Measure centers around the fate of Claudio, who is arrested by Lord Angelo, the temporary leader of Vienna. Angelo is left in charge by the Duke, who pretends to leave town but instead dresses as a friar to observe the goings-on in his absence. Angelo is strict, moralistic, and unwavering in his decision-making; he decides that there is too much freedom in Vienna and takes it upon himself to rid the city of brothels and unlawful sexual activity. Laws against these behaviors and institutions already exist, and Angelo simply decides to enforce them more strictly. Claudio is arrested for impregnating Juliet, his lover, before they were married. Although they were engaged and their sexual intercourse was consensual, Claudio is sentenced to death in order to serve as an example to the other Viennese citizens.

Isabella, Claudio's sister, is about to enter a nunnery when her brother is arrested. She is unfailingly virtuous, religious, and chaste. When she hears of her brother's arrest, she goes to Angelo to beg him for mercy. He refuses, but suggests that there might be some way to change his mind. When he propositions her, saying that he will let Claudio live if she agrees to have sexual intercourse with him, she is shocked and immediately refuses. Her brother agrees at first but then changes his mind. Isabella is left to contemplate a very important decision.

Isabella is, in a way, let off the hook when the Duke, dressed as a friar, intervenes. He tells her that Angelo's former lover, Mariana, was engaged to be married to him, but he abandoned her when she lost her dowry in a shipwreck. The Duke forms a plan by which Isabella will agree to have sex with the Angelo, but then Mariana will go in her place. The next morning, Angelo will pardon Claudio and be forced to marry Mariana according to the law.

Everything goes according to plan, except that Angelo does not pardon Claudio, fearing revenge. The provost and the Duke send him the head of a dead pirate, claiming that it belonged to Claudio, and Angelo believes that his orders were carried out. Isabella is told that her brother is dead, and that she should submit a complaint to the Duke, who is due to arrive shortly, accusing Angelo of immoral acts.

The Duke returns in his usual clothes, saying that he will hear all grievances immediately. Isabella tells her story, and the Duke pretends not to believe her. Eventually, the Duke reveals his dual identity, and everyone is forced to be honest. Angelo confesses to his misdeeds, Claudio is pardoned, and the Duke asks Isabella to marry him.

The Robber Bridegroom by Brothers Grimm Fairy

The Robber Bridegroom by Brothers Grimm Fairy.

There was once upon a time a miller, who had a beautiful daughter, and as she was grown up, he wished that she was provided for, and well married. He thought, if any good suitor comes and asks for her, I will give her to him. Not long afterwards, a suitor came, who appeared to be very rich, and as the miller had no fault to find with him, he promised his daughter to him. The maiden, however, did not like him quite so much as a girl should like the man to whom she is engaged, and had no confidence in him. Whenever she saw, or thought of him, she felt a secret horror. Once he said to her, you are my betrothed, and yet you have never once paid me a visit. The maiden replied, I know not where your house is. Then said the bridegroom, my house is out there in the dark forest. She tried to excuse herself and said she could not find the way there. The bridegroom said, next sunday you must come out there to me, I have already invited the guests, and I will strew ashes in order that you may find your way through the forest. When sunday came, and the maiden had to set out on her way, she became very uneasy, she herself knew not exactly why, and to mark her way she filled both her pockets full of peas and lentils. Ashes were strewn at the entrance of the forest, and these she followed, but at every step she threw a couple of peas on the ground. She walked almost the whole day until she reached the middle of the forest, where it was the darkest, and there stood a solitary house, which she did not like, for it looked so dark and dismal. She went inside it, but no one was within, and the most absolute stillness reigned.

Suddenly a voice cried, turn back, turn back, young maiden dear, 'tis a murderer's house you enter here. The maiden looked up, and saw that the voice came from a bird, which was hanging in a cage on the wall. Again it cried, turn back, turn back, young maiden dear, 'tis a murderer's house you enter here.

Then the young maiden went on farther from one room to another, and walked through the whole house, but it was entirely empty and not one human being was to be found. At last she came to the the cellar, and there sat an extremely aged woman, whose head shook constantly. Can you not tell me, said the maiden, if my betrothed lives here.

Alas, poor child, replied the old woman, whither have you come. You are in a murderer's den. You think you are a bride soon to be married, but you will keep your wedding with death. Look, I have been forced to put a great kettle on there, with water in it, and when they have you in their power, they will cut you to pieces without mercy, will cook you, and eat you, for they are eaters of human flesh. If I do not have compassion on you, and save you, you are lost.

Thereupon the old woman led her behind a great hogshead where she could not be seen. Be still as a mouse, said she, do not make a sound, or move, or all will be over with you. At night, when the robbers are asleep, we will escape, I have long waited for an opportunity. Hardly was this done, than the godless crew came home. They dragged with them another young girl. They were drunk, and paid no heed to her screams and lamentations.

They gave her wine to drink, three glasses full, one glass of white wine, one glass of red, and a glass of yellow, and with this her heart burst in twain. Thereupon they tore off her delicate raiment, laid her on a table, cut her beautiful body in pieces and strewed salt thereon. The poor bride behind the cask trembled and shook, for she saw right well what fate the robbers had destined for her. One of them noticed a gold ring on the finger of the murdered girl, and as it would not come off at once, he took an axe and cut the finger off, but it sprang up in the air, away over the cask and fell straight into the bride's bosom. The robber took a candle and wanted to look for it, but could not find it. Then another of them said, have you looked behind the great hogshead. But the old woman cried, come and get something to eat, and leave off looking till the morning, the finger won't run away from you.

Then the robbers said, the old woman is right, and gave up their search, and sat down to eat, and the old woman poured a sleeping-draught in their wine, so that they soon lay down in the cellar, and slept and snored. When the bride heard that, she came out from behind the hogshead, and had to step over the sleepers, for they lay in rows on the ground, and great was her terror lest she should waken one of them. But God helped her, and she got safely over. The old woman went up with her, opened the doors, and they hurried out of the murderer's den with all the speed in their power. The wind had blown away the strewn ashes, but the peas and lentils had sprouted and grown up, and showed them the way in the moonlight. They walked the whole night, until in the morning they arrived at the mill, and then the maiden told her father everything exactly as it had happened.

When the day came for the wedding to be celebrated, the bridegroom appeared, and the miller had invited all his relations and friends. As they sat at table, each was bidden to relate something. The bride sat still, and said nothing. Then said the bridegroom to the bride, come, my darling, do you know nothing. Relate something to us like the rest. She replied, then I will relate a dream. I was walking alone through a wood, and at last I came to a house, in which no living soul was, but on the wall there was a bird in a cage which cried, turn back, turn back, young maiden dear, 'tis a murderer's house you enter here. And this it cried once more. My darling, I only dreamt this.

Then I went through all the rooms, and they were all empty, and there was something so horrible about them. At last I went down into the cellar, and there sat a very very old woman, whose head shook. I asked her, does my bridegroom live in this house. She answered, alas poor child, you have got into a murderer's den, your bridegroom does live here, but he will hew you in pieces, and kill you, and then he will cook you, and eat you. My darling I only dreamt this. But the old woman hid me behind a great hogshead, and scarcely was I hidden, when the robbers came home, dragging a maiden with them, to whom they gave three kinds of wine to drink, white, red, and yellow, with which her heart broke in twain. My darling, I only dreamt this. Thereupon they pulled off her pretty clothes, and hewed her fair body in pieces on a table, and sprinkled them with salt. My darling, I only dreamt this. And one of the robbers saw that there was still a ring on her little finger, and as it was hard to draw off, he took an axe and cut it off, but the finger sprang up in the air, and sprang behind the great hogshead, and fell in my bosom. And there is the finger with the ring. And with these words she drew it forth, and showed it to those present.

The robber, who had during this story become as pale as ashes, leapt up and wanted to escape, but the guests held him fast, and delivered him over to justice. Then he and his whole troop were executed for their infamous deeds.

DID YOU KNOW THESE THINGS HAD NAMES?

DID YOU KNOW THESE THINGS HAD NAMES?

1. The space between your eyebrows is called a glabella.

2. Petrichor - The way it smells after the rain is called petrichor.

3. Aglet - The plastic or metallic coating at the end of your shoelaces is called an aglet.

4. Wamble - The rumbling of stomach is actually called a wamble.

5. Vagitus - The cry of a new born baby is called a vagitus.

6. Tines - The prongs on a fork are called tines.

7. Phosphenes - The sheen or light that you see when you close your eyes and press your hands on them are called phosphenes.

8. Box Tent - The tiny plastic table placed in the middle of a pizza box is called a box tent.

9. Overmorrow - The day after tomorrow is called overmorrow.

10. Minimus - Your tiny toe or finger is called minimus.

11. Agraffe - The wired cage that holds the cork in a bottle of champagne is called an agraffe.

12. Vocables - The 'na na na' and 'la la la', which don't really have any meaning in the lyrics of any song, are called vocables.

13. Interrobang - When you combine an exclamation mark with a question mark (like this ?!), it is referred to as an interrobang.

14. Columella Nasi - The space between your nostrils is called columella nasi.

15. Armscye - The armhole in clothes, where the sleeves are sewn, is called armscye.

16. Dysania - The condition of finding it difficult to get out of the bed in the morning is called dysania.

17. Griffonage - Unreadable hand-writing is called griffonage (Are you reading this dear doctors?)

18. Tittle - The dot over an “i” or a “j” is called tittle.

19. Crapulence - That utterly sick feeling you get after eating or drinking too much is called crapulence.

20. Bannock Device - The metallic device used to measure your feet at the shoe store is called Bannock device.

HOW MANY OF THE ABOVE YOU ALREADY KNEW ☺

INTERESTING FACTS ENGLISH

INTERESTING FACTS for those who love the English language !

* No words in the English language rhyme with “month”, “orange”, “silver”  or "purple”.

* “Hungry” and “Angry” are the only words in the English language that end in “gry".

* The number 4 is the only number that has the same number of letters in it - FOUR.

* Did you know the word 'Underground' is the only word that begins and ends with the letters 'und'.

* The word 'Uncopyrightable' is the only 15 letter word that can be spelled without repeating any letter.

* The word 'Typewriter' is the longest word that can be typed using only the top row of a keyboard.

* Did you know the sentence "The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog" uses every letter in the English alphabet.

* The word 'Rhythm' is the longest word without a vowel.

* "Dreamt" is the only word that ends in 'mt'.

* Did you know there are only 3 sets of letters on a keyboard which are in alphabetical order - 'F G H', 'J K L', 'O P'.

* "Queue"
The word "queue" is the only word in the English Language that is still pronounced the same way when the last four letters are removed.

* "Dammit I'm mad" is the same spelt backwards.

* "Set" of all the words in the English Language, the word "set" has the most definitions.

* "Bookkeeper" & "Bookkeeping" are only words in English language with three consecutive double letters.

* The least used letter in the alphabet is Q.

* The most commonly used word in English conversation is 'I'.

* The dot on top of the letter 'i' is called a tittle.

* There are only 4 words in the English language which end in 'dous'. They are...hazardous, horrendous, stupendous and tremendous.

* The oldest word in the English language is 'town'.

* The word 'Strengths' is the longest word in the English language with just one vowel.

* The past tense for the English word 'dare' is 'durst'.

* The first English dictionary was written in 1755.

आज के शब्द..

आज के शब्द...

(i) Uphold (V.): confirm or support (something that has been questioned).

उच्चारण:  अपहोल्ड

हिंदी अनुवाद: कायम रखना, समर्थन करना

समानार्थक शब्द:  Support, Sustain, Back, Endorse

विलोम शब्द: Abandon, Abolish, Cancel

प्रयोग: The government has promised to uphold the principles of democracy.

अर्थ: सरकार ने लोकतंत्र के सिद्धांतों को कायम रखने का वादा किया है।

(ii) Ramify (V.): have or develop complicating consequences

उच्चारण:  रेमीफ़ाय

हिंदी अनुवाद: डालियां फैलना, विकसित करना

समानार्थक शब्द:  Branch, Fork, Diverge, Divide

विलोम शब्द: Declassify, Indiscriminate

प्रयोग: These actions will ramify.

अर्थ: इन कार्यों में वृद्धि होगी।

(iii) Haggle (V.): wrangle, as over a price or terms of an agreement

उच्चारण:  हॅगल

हिंदी अनुवाद: सौदेबाज़ी करना, मोलभाव करना

समानार्थक शब्द:  Chaffer, Dicker, Bargain, Negotiate

विलोम शब्द: Agree, Concur, Comply

प्रयोग: Of course he'll still haggle over the price.

अर्थ: बेशक वह अभी भी कीमत पर मोलभाव करेगा।

(iv) Collation (N.): assembling in proper numerical or logical sequence

उच्चारण:  कोलेशन

हिंदी अनुवाद: मिलान, तुलना करना

समानार्थक शब्द:  Checking, Comparison, Matching

विलोम शब्द: Insipidness, Bolt

प्रयोग: The collation that you entered is incomplete or invalid.

अर्थ: आपके द्वारा दर्ज की गई तुलना अधूरी या अमान्य है।

(v) Improvident (Adj.): not supplying something useful for the future

उच्चारण:  इंप्रूविडेंट

हिंदी अनुवाद: अपव्ययी, उड़ाऊ

समानार्थक शब्द:  Reckless, Prodigal, Wasteful, Lavish

विलोम शब्द: Frugal, Overprotective

प्रयोग: You will pay for your improvident undisciplined behaviour.

अर्थ: आप अपने अपव्ययी अनुशासनहीन व्यवहार के लिए भुगतान करेंगे।

The Characteristics of Romanticism

The Characteristics of Romanticism.

Romanticism describes an artistic and intellectual movement that started in the latter part of the 18th century and had a powerful effect on many areas of art, literature, music, and thought. The characteristics of Romanticism include a focus on strong emotion, awe of nature, and a break from following rigid structure. These and other characteristics arose, to an extent, from a desire to rebel against the scientific rationalization of the natural world that was occurring due to rapid increases in scientific progress. As such, emphasis was placed on the power of nature, the importance of imagination, and the use of mythical and religious symbolism.

Some of the characteristics of Romanticism are based in thematic rather than stylistic concerns. Much romantic literature, for instance, focused on isolated and heroic artist figures in unpleasant or difficult situations. Romantic literature also addressed the human psyche in new ways, placing importance on the unconscious and the imagination that was generally lacking in classical literature. Some literature from the Romantic movement took on supernatural or occult subjects, and many early important works in the horror genre originated from this movement. The vast power of nature and the powerlessness of man against nature was another of the prominent thematic.

Romanticism also has several stylistic characteristics that contrast with the structure, formality, and restraint common in classicism. These writers held imagination and creativity above formality and structure, so many defied literary conventions of the time. They practiced less restraint than their classical counterparts and were more likely to use words and phrases highly evocative of emotion and less based in precise concrete meaning. Classical writers tended to follow very explicit rules that specified what they should and should not do in their literary work, which was starkly different from Romanticism.

Another of the characteristics of Romanticism is a focus on mythology and religion. The focus was not, however, always full of humble awe and respect — many romantic writers provided reinterpretations of myths that varied substantially from the source material. Religion in particular was treated with much less respect and awe than in past literary practices. Writers were likely to use religious imagery because of its beauty and effectiveness in conveying emotionally-charged meaning. Romanticism is not, however, defined by pious and deferential respect for the religious themes addressed, and writers freely used religious ideas for their own purposes.
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Shailesh Ramanuj

INDEPENDENCE DAY SPEECH 1

INDEPENDENCE DAY SPEECH 1

Good morning to all my respected teachers, parents and dear friends. Today we have gathered here to celebrate this great national event. As we all know that Independence day is an auspicious occasion for all of us. India’s Independence Day is the most important day to all the Indian citizens and has been mentioned forever in the history. It is the day when we got freedom from the British rule after many years of hard struggle by the great freedom fighters of India. We celebrate independence day every year on 15th of August to remember the first day of freedom of India as well as remember all the sacrifices of the great leaders who have sacrificed their lives in getting freedom for India.

India got independence on 15th of August in 1947 from the British rule. After independence we got our all the fundamental rights in our own Nation, our Motherland. We all should feel proud to be an Indian and admire our fortune that we took birth on the land of an Independent India. History of slave India reveals everything that how our ancestors and forefathers had worked hard and suffered all the brutal behavior of Britishers. We cannot imagine by sitting here that how hard the independence was for India from the British rule. It took sacrifices of lives of many freedom fighters and several decades of struggle from 1857 to 1947. An Indian soldier (Mangal Pandey) in the British force had first raised his voice against Britishers for the independence of India.

Later several great freedom fighters had struggled and spent their whole life only for getting freedom. We can never forget the sacrifices of the Bhagat Singh, Khudi Ram Bose and Chandra Sekhar Azad who had lost their lives in their early age just for fighting for their country. How can we ignore all the struggles of Netaji and Gandhiji. Gandhiji was a great Indian personalities who taught Indians a big lesson of non-violence. He was the one and only who lead India to get freedom with the help of non-violence. Finally the result of long years of struggle came in front on 15th of August 1947 when India got freedom.

We are so lucky that our forefathers have given us a land of peace and happy where we can sleep whole night without fear and enjoy whole day in our school or home. Our country is developing very fast in the field of technology, education, sports, finance and various other fields which were almost impossible before freedom. India is one of the countries rich in nuclear power. We are going ahead by actively participating in the sports like Olympics, Commonwealth games and Asian games. We have full rights to chose our government and enjoy largest democracy in the world. Yes, we are free and have complete freedom however we should not understand ourselves free of responsibilities towards our country. As being responsible citizens of the country, we should be always ready to handle any emergency condition in our country.

Jai Hind.

Essay :- Rakshabandhan

Friends, the flowing love is tied to brother's wrist, the world is tied with two strings of love ... This song sung by Suman Kalyanpur is the most popular song of Rakshabandhan. Even if the song is not too old, the process of strapping the rakhi on brother's wrist is very ancient. The history of Rakshabandhan is associated with the Indus Valley civilization. That too when the beginning of the creation of civilization in the Arya Samaj only came to be.

At Rakshabandhan festival, where the sisters are eagerly awaiting the yarn of the brothers in their wrists, while the far-flung brothers are also waiting for their release to send them to Rakhi. Those brothers do not need to be frustrated, who do not have their own sister, because the tradition of bonding Rakhi with the mouthful sisters is also quite old.

In fact, the tradition of Raksha Bandhan was cast by those sisters who were not friendly. Even though these sisters have not only begun this festival for their protection, but the festival's validity still remains to this day. Looking at the pages of history, the origins of this festival are said to be about 6 thousand years ago. Many of its evidence is also recorded in the pages of history.

From the pages of history ...
The earliest evidence of the beginning of Raksha Bandhan is the Queen Kannavati and Emperor Humayun. The struggle between the Rajputs and the Muslims was going on in the medieval era. Queen Karnavati was the widow of the king of Chittod. During that time, the Sultan Bahadur Shah of Gujarat saw no way of protecting himself and his people, the queen sent Humai Rakhi to Humayun. Humayun then protected him and gave him the status of sister.

The second example is considered between Alexander and Puru. It is said that Alexander, who had always been victorious, became very distracted by the brilliance of Indian King Purus. Alexander's wife had come under great stress.

He had heard about the festival of Rakshabandhan. So, he sent Rakhi to the Indian king Puru. Then the situation of the war ended. Because Indian King Puroha assumed Alexander's wife as a sister.

Another example of history is considered to be Krishna and Draupadi. Lord Krishna had killed the wicked king Sishupala. During the war Krishna's left hand finger was bleeding. Droopy was very sad after seeing this and he tear his sari piece into Krishna's finger, which stopped his bleeding. God regarded this as Rakhi's dream and thought that Mana Droopy was a sister and promised to protect.

And just since that Krishna had accepted Droopadi as his sister. Years later when Pandav Droopadi was lost in gambling and was being ransacked in a meeting held in full swing, Lord Krishna saved hundreds of thousands of rupees of Rakhi from the same sarees of Draupadi and saved Droopadi's shyness.

Best wishes of Rakshabandhan to all the countrymen.

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difference between a sentence and an independent clause

What is the difference between a sentence and an independent clause

A complete sentence needs a subject and a verb and it has to express a complete thought. "Birds (noun) fly (verb)"'is a simple  sentence. We have compound sentences: "Birds fly and fish swim." We have complex sentences: "Birds fly south when the summer ends." We have compound - complex sentences: "Birds fly south when the summer ends but only if they have a complete set of feathers."

An independent can stand by itself as a simple sentence. An independent clause has a subject and predicate and can stand alone as a main clause. You can have two independent clauses in one sentence; however, you require a coordinating conjunction such as "but" or proper punctuation such as a coma or semi colon. "Birds like flying but fish like swimming" (birds like flying/fish like swimming). "I am going to a vacation resort; I intend to stay at the resort for two weeks."