Literature through ages

91. What is a Chorus?

The term Chorus is taken from Greek drama. In English drama it is applied to a character who speaks the Prologue and Epilogue and also communicates to the audience the exposition,setting and off stage events in the play.

92. What type of Age was Chaucer's Age?

Chaucer belonged to the 14th century. It was an age of foreign conquests, expansion of trade,chivalry and religious pilgrimages. In the same Age, however, Black Death, famine and plague swept away about one-third of England's population.

93. What type of Age was Elizabethan Age?

Elizabethan Age is called the Golden Age in the national as well as literary history of England. It was the Age of Renaissance and of unprecedented glory in all fields of national life and literary achievements.

94. What was Jacobean Age?

The reign of James I (in Latin 'Jacobus') from 1603 to 1625, which followed the Elizabethan Age, is called Jacobean Age. It was an Age of decline in all fields of national life.

95. What was Caroline Age?

The reign of Charles I (in Latin 'Carolus') from1625 to 1649 is called Caroline Age. It was the period of the English Civil War which led to the murder of Charles I and establishment of Commonwealth under Cromwell.

96. What was Restoration Age?

The Restoration implies the restoration of Charles II to the throne in 1660 at the end of the Commonwealth. This Age was characterized by high fashions, artificial manners and low morals which Charles had brought from France.

97. What was the Neo-Classical or Augustan Age? 

The eighteenth century in England is called Neo-Classical or Augustan Age because the leading writers of this period followed the literary principles and models of the great Roman and Greek authors of the Age of Emperor Augustus.

98. What is meant by the Romantic Movement?

The Romantic Movement in English Literature came in the nineteenth century. The literature of this period is characterized by love of Nature, love of humanity, full display of the writer's imaginative and emotional faculty.

99. How is the Victorian Age characterized in literature? 

The Victorian Age covers the period from 1837 to1901. Most of the literature of this period deals with the current social, economic, industrial and intellectual problems including the conflict between science and religion.

100. How is the literature of the Modern Age characterized?

The term 'Modern' is generally applied to the literature produced since the beginning of the World War I. Since then so many experiments have been made both in the subject matter and literary form in all the Genres of literature.

JONATHAN SWIFT

JONATHAN SWIFT

*************

Jonathan Swift was the greatest satirist of his age. Using irony and satire he tried to change his own society and   attacked it at all levels. Together with Alexander Pope and others, he established the Scriblerus Club, an association of witty writers who satirized their contemporaries. People of his own time failed to see the irony and, sometime, they cried shame.

An Anglican priest, he was appointed Dean of St Patrick’s Cathedral in Dublin, where    he was buried.   A Latin epigraph he had composed himself  was placed over his tomb:

“The body of Jonathan Swift, Doctor of Sacred Theology, Dean of this Cathedral Church is buried here where fierce indignation can no more lacerate his heart…”.

Swift is remembered for his Gulliver’s Travels, a novel that, like Robinson Crusoe, is nowadays regarded as a book for children and as an anticipation of the modern fantasy novel. Actually the book was intended to be a bitter satire of his own country.

Swift himself wrote to Pope that it “was intended to vex the world rather than divert it”.

The novel satirizes the follies and the vices of politicians and scholars and is a very serious comment on politics, on learning and on all Mankind.  It shows Swift’s bad opinion on people. He is very intolerant of people in general and once he wrote to Pope: “

I heartily hate and detest that animal called man”. He maintains that man is not a reasonable animal but an animal endowed with reason, which he is not always able to use in the right way. Gulliver’s Travels tells the various imaginary voyages of Lemuel Gulliver, a surgeon on a ship, to various strange lands where he meets several man-like creatures. The philosophical basis  of the whole novel is in the contrast between rationality and animality. In the first book he is shipwrecked near Lilliput where he meets a race of tiny people, only six inches tall, and he is a giant among them. Rationality is represented by the Lilliputians with their organized society and their deep knowledge of mathematical science in contrast with Gulliver described as a big body.

In book 2 the situation is reversed: he is in Brobdingnag, the land of giants   and he is a dwarf among them. The giants embody animality while Gulliver rationality. In the third book he visits the flying island of Laputa inhabited by scientists   concerned with abstract ideas. He visits the University of Lagado where he meets the “projectors”, who work on new scientific odd plans: take sunbeams out of cucumbers,  melt ice into gunpowder,   melt ice into gunpowder and so on.

They are presented in a decadent way: badly dressed, long hair and beard, very dirty, and even as beggars. Animality is seen in the scientists while rationality is seen in man. In the last book he is in the land of the Houyhnhnms, intelligent horses that can talk. They are perfectly rational and virtuous. They have man-like slaves, the Yahoos, who are bestial, irrational and vicious. Gulliver himself is seen by the Houyhnhnms as a Yahoo. In these various countries Gulliver explains to the inhabitants about life in Europe and in particular in England. What Gulliver says is how things should be , not how they are, and so his words become an ironical attack on what he is describing. In the first book he attacks the English Government and the hypocrisies of the party system.Catholic Religionis ironically attacked,too.

Swift comments the dispute over whether an egg should be broken, to be eaten, at the big end or at the little end: “all true believers shall break their eggs at the most convenient end”.  In the second book he attacks the judicial and the political system in Britain aiming at stressing the hypocrisy and corruption practised in the Institutions. In the third book  there is an attack on science and on members of the Royal Society while in the fourth and last he attacks man. When he comes home after his rescue, he cannot accept the human race any longer. The human beings appear to him  like the Yahoos and he goes to live in a stable with the company of his vandal.

Swift was not insensible to the sufferings of the Irish and he was indignant at their exploitation by the British Government. The Irish lived on bad condition.

He   wrote and published a work in defence of Ireland: Modest Proposal from Preventing the Children of poor people from being a burden to their parents or the country. It was a new attack against the English. 

Using satire, he explained, that the misery of the starving Irish could be easily relieved by selling their children to the rich as food. There was also another benefit for the Irish: it should have solved the problem of overpopulation of Ireland, too. It was of course a provocation but at the times some foreign readers took it as an actual and serious one and there was quite a scandal.

Some literary devices (literary techniques):

   * Definition of literary device :
Literary devices refers to specific aspects of literature, in the sense of its universal function as an art form which expresses ideas through language, which we can recognize, identify, interpret and/or analyze. Literary devices collectively comprise the art form’s components; the means by which authors create meaning through language, and by which readers gain understanding of and appreciation for their works. They also provide a conceptual framework for comparing individual literary works to others, both within and across genres.  

1/-Allegory:
  Definition:
An allegory is a symbolism device where the meaning of a greater, often abstract, concept is conveyed with the aid of a more corporeal object or idea being used as an example. Usually a rhetoric device, an allegory suggests a meaning via metaphoric examples.

*Example:
Faith is like a stony uphill climb: a single stumble might send you sprawling but belief and steadfastness will see you to the very top.

2/-Amplification:
  Definition:
Amplification refers to a literary practice wherein the writer embellishes the sentence by adding more information to it in order to increase its worth and understandability. When a plain sentence is too abrupt and fails to convey the full implications desired, amplification comes into play when the writer adds more to the structure to give it more meaning.
*Example:
Original sentence- The thesis paper was difficult. After amplification- The thesis paper was difficult: it required extensive research, data collection, sample surveys, interviews and a lot of fieldwork.

3/-Diction:
  Definition:
Diction is the distinctive tone or tenor of an author’s writings. Diction is not just a writer's choice of words it can include the mood, attitude, dialect and style of writing. Diction is usually judged with reference to the prevailing standards of proper writing and speech and is seen as the mark of quality of the writing. It is also understood as the selection of certain words or phrases that become peculiar to a writer.
  *Example:
Certain writers in the modern day and age use archaic terms such as ‘thy’, ‘thee’ and ‘wherefore’ to imbue a Shakespearean mood to their work.

4/-Anecdote:
  Definition:
The word anecdote, phonetically pronounced an.ik.doht, means a short verbal accounting of a funny, amusing, interesting event or incident. The story is usually a reminiscence from the teller's life but at best is a related story of fact, as opposed to a contrived work of fiction. The origin of the word anecdote comes from the Greek Byzantine period, A.D. 527 to 565 during the reign of emperor Justinian. In his court, Justinian had a historian named Procopius who was a gifted writer who wrote many witty, amusing and somewhat bawdy accounts of court life. Never intending for this stories to become public he entitled his writings as “Anecdota” which was Greek for unpublished and kept secret. After his secret writings did indeed become public and published, the term anecdote became commonly used for similar accounts.
  *Example:
Amusing anecdotes many times find their way into wedding receptions, family reunions and any other gathering of people who know each other well. Teachers and educators often tell classrooms of pupils anecdotes about famous people. The anecdotes are not always flattering, but are usually revealing of character and invariably amusing. Here is an example of an anecdote about Winston Churchill:
Winston Churchill was very fond of his pet dog Rufus. He ate in the dining room with the family on a special cloth and was treated with utmost respect. When enjoying movies, Rufus had the best seat in the house; on Winston Churchill's lap. While watching “Oliver Twist,” Churchill put his hands over Rufus' eyes during the scene where Bill Sike's intends to drown his dog. Churchill is believed to have said to Rufus: “don't look now, dear. I'll tell you about it later.”

5/-Flashback:
  Definition:
Flashback is a literary device wherein the author depicts the occurrence of specific events to the reader, which have taken place before the present time the narration is following, or events that have happened before the events that are currently unfolding in the story. Flashback devices that are commonly used are past narratives by characters, depictions and references of dreams and memories and a sub device known as authorial sovereignty wherein the author directly chooses to refer to a past occurrence by bringing it up in a straightforward manner. Flashback is used to create a background to the present situation, place or person.
  *Example:
Back in the day when Sarah was a young girl…

You can see flashbacks used very often in movies. For example, it is common in movies for there to be a flashback that gives the viewer a look into the characters life when they were younger, or when they have done something previously. This is done to help the viewer better understand the present situation.

6/-Foreshadowing:
   Definition:
The literary device foreshadowing refers to the use of indicative word or phrases and hints that set the stage for a story to unfold and give the reader a hint of something that is going to happen without revealing the story or spoiling the suspense. Foreshadowing is used to suggest an upcoming outcome to the story.
  *Example:
“He had no idea of the disastrous chain of events to follow”. In this sentence, while the protagonist is clueless of further developments, the reader learns that something disastrous and problematic is about to happen to/for him.

7/-Imagery:
   Definition:
In literature, one of the strongest devices is imagery wherein the author uses words and phrases to create “mental images” for the reader. Imagery helps the reader to visualize more realistically the author’s writings. The usage of metaphors, allusions, descriptive words and similes amongst other literary forms in order to “tickle” and awaken the readers’ sensory perceptions is referred to as imagery. Imagery is not limited to only visual sensations, but also refers to igniting kinesthetic, olfactory, tactile, gustatory, thermal and auditory sensations as well.
  *Example:
The gushing brook stole its way down the lush green mountains, dotted with tiny flowers in a riot of colors and trees coming alive with gaily chirping birds.

8/-Irony:
   Definition:
The use of irony in literature refers to playing around with words such that the meaning implied by a sentence or word is actually different from the literal meaning. Often irony is used to suggest the stark contrast of the literal meaning being put forth. The deeper, real layer of significance is revealed not by the words themselves but the situation and the context in which they are placed.
   *Example:
Writing a sentence such as, “Oh! What fine luck I have!”. The sentence on the surface conveys that the speaker is happy with their luck but actually what they mean is that they are extremely unhappy and dissatisfied with their (bad) luck.

9/-Symbol:
    Definition:
A symbol is literary device that contains several layers of meaning, often concealed at first sight, and is representative of several other aspects, concepts or traits than those that are visible in the literal translation alone. Symbol is using an object or action that means something more than its literal meaning.
  *Example:
The phrase “a new dawn” does not talk only about the actual beginning of a new day but also signifies a new start, a fresh chance to begin and the end of a previous tiring time.

10/-Stream of consciousness:
   Definition:
The phrase ‘stream of consciousness’ refers to an uninterrupted and unhindered collection and occurrence of thoughts and ideas in the conscious mind. In literature, the phrase refers to the flow of these thoughts, with reference to a particular character’s thinking process. This literary device is usually used in order to provide a narrative in the form of the character’s thoughts instead of using dialogue or description.
   *Example:
All writings by Virginia Woolff are a good example of literary stream of consciousness.

"Life is not a series of gig lamps symmetrically arranged; life is a luminous halo, a semi-transparent envelope surrounding us from the beginning of consciousness to the end." The Common Reader (1925)

TEN WORDS OF THE 22.3.17

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sprite - A small being, human in form, playful and having magical powers.
Synonyms: fairy, fay
Usage: She seemed rather an airy sprite, which, after playing its fantastic sports for a little while upon the cottage floor, would flit away with a mocking smile.

ringer - A person who is almost identical to another.
Synonyms: clone
Usage: I have been told I am a ringer for Bono, but the similarities end the moment I pick up a microphone.

decennium - A period of 10 years.
Synonyms: decade
Usage: The past decennium has seen many technological advances, but I sometimes wonder if humanity would have been better off without them.

vendue - The public sale of something to the highest bidder.
Synonyms: auction
Usage: Most of George's possessions will be sold at vendue to help settle his sizable debts.

dustup - An angry dispute.
Synonyms: quarrel, run-in, wrangle, row, words
Usage: The teacher put a stop to the boys' dustup before it could come to blows.

extrasensory - seemingly outside normal sensory channels
Antonyms: sensorial

beneficent - Characterized by or performing acts of kindness or charity.
Antonyms: maleficent
Usage: In 1909, nuns were running more than 1,000 beneficent institutions.

unmelted - not melted; "streets unpassable because of piles of unmelted snow"
Antonyms: liquified, liquid

multiple - having or involving or consisting of more than one part or entity or individual; "multiple birth"; "multiple ownership"; "made multiple copies of the speech"; "his multiple achievements in public life"; "a pineapple is a multiple fruit"
Antonyms: single

baseless - Having no basis or foundation in fact.
Antonyms: supported, proven, confirmed, verified, validated, substantiated, corroborated, well-founded, authenticated
Usage: The governor has released a statement calling the reports of corruption completely baseless and without merit.
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tfd.com

The_complete_list_of_National_Highways_in_India

#The_complete_list_of_National_Highways_in_India
==========================
NH 1 (km. 456) – Delhi to Amritsar and Indo-Pak Border
NH 1A (km. 663) – Jalandhar to Uri
NH 1B (km. 274) – Batote to Khanbal
NH 1C (km. 8) – Domel to Katra
NH 1D (km. 422) – Srinagar to Kargil to Leh
NH 2 (km. 1,465) – Delhi to Dankuni
NH 2A (km. 25) – Sikandra to Bhognipur
NH 2B (km. 52) – Bardhaman to Bolpur
NH 3 (km. 1,161) – Agra to Mumbai
NH 4 (km. 1,235) – Junction With NH3 near Thane to Chennai
NH 4A (km. 153) – Belgaum to Panaji
NH 4B (km. 27) – Nhava Sheva to Palaspe
NH 5 (km. 1,533) – Junction with NH 6 near Baharagora to Chennai
NH 5A (km. 77) – Junction with NH5 near Haridaspur to Paradip Port
NH 6 (km. 1,949) – Hazira to Kolkata
NH 7 (km. 2,369) – Varanasi to Kanyakumari
NH 7A (km. 51) – Palayamkottai to Tuticorin Port
NH 8 (km. 1,428) – Delhi to Mumbai
NH 8A (km. 473) – Ahmedabad to Mandvi
NH 8B (km. 206) – Bamanbore to porbunder
NH 8C (km. 46) – Childo to Sarkhej
NH 8D (km. 127) – Jetpur to Somnath
NH 8E (km. 220) – Somnath to Bhavnagar
NH NE 1 (km. 93) – Ahmedabad to Vadodara Expressway
NH 9 (km. 841) – Pune to Machillipatnam
NH 10 (km. 403) – Delhi to Fazilka and Indo-Pak Border
NH 11 (km. 582) – Agra to Bikaner
NH 11A (km. 145) – Manoharpur to Kothum
NH 11B (km. 180) – Lalsot to Dholpur
NH 12 (km. 890) – Jabalpur to Jaipur
NH 12A (km. 333) – Jabalpur to Jhansi
NH 13 (km. 691) – Solapur to Mangalore
NH 14 (km. 450) – Beawar to Radhanpur
NH 15 (km. 1,526) – Pathankot to Samakhiali
NH 16 (km. 460) – Nizamabad to Jagdalpur
NH 17 (km. 1,269) – Panvel to Chavakkad and North Paravur Junction with NH 47 near Edapally at Kochi
NH 17A (km. 19) – Junction with NH 17 near Cortalim to Murmugao
NH 17B (km. 40) – Ponda Verna to Vasco
NH 18 (km. 369) – Junction with NH 7 near Kurnool and Nandyal to Cuddapah and Junction with NH 4 near Chittoor
NH 18A (km. 50) – Puthalapattu to Tirupati
NH 19 (km. 240) – Ghazipur to Patna
NH 20 (km. 220) – Pathankot to Mandi
NH 21 (km. 323) – Junction with NH 22 near Chandigarh to Manali
NH 21A (km. 65) – Pinjore to Swarghat
NH 22 (km. 459) – Ambala to Indo China Border near Shipkila
NH 23 (km. 459) – Chas to Talcher and Junction with NH 42
NH 24 (km. 438) – Delhi to Lucknow
NH 24A (km. 17) – Bakshi Ka Talab to Chenhat (NH 28)
NH 25 (km. 352) – Lucknow to Shivpuri
NH 25A (km. 31) – 19 (NH 25) to Bakshi Ka Talab
NH 26 (km. 396) – Jhansi to Lakhnadon
NH 27 (km. 93) – Allahabad to Mangawan
NH 28 (km. 570) – Junction with NH 31 Near Barauni and Muzaffarpur to Lucknow
NH 28A (km. 68) – Junction With NH 28 near Pipra to Indo and Nepal Border
NH 28B (km. 121) – Chhapra to Bagaha and Junction with 28A at Chapwa
NH 28C (km. 184) – Barabanki to Indo and Nepal Border
NH 29 (km. 196) – Gorakhpur to Varanasi
NH 30 (km. 230) – Junction with NH 2 near Mohania and Patna to Bakhtiarpur
NH 30A (km. 65) – Fatuha to Barh
NH 31 (km. 1,125) – Junction with NH 2 near Barhi & Bakhtiarpur to Charali & Amingaon Junction with NH 37
NH 31A (km. 92) – Sevok to Gangtok
NH 31B (km. 19) – North Salmara to Junction with NH 37 near Jogighopa
NH 31C (km. 235) – Near Galgalia to Sidili and Junction with NH 31 near Bijni
NH 32 (km. 179) – Junction with NH 2 near Gobindpur and Dhanbad to Jamshedpur
NH 33 (km. 352) – Junction with NH 2 near Barhi to Jamshedpur Junction with NH 6 near Baharagora
NH 34 (km. 443) – Junction with NH 31 near Dalkhola and Baharampur to Dum Dum
NH 35 (km. 61) – Barasat to Petrapole on India and Bangladesh border
NH 36 (km. 170) – Nowgong to Dimapur (Manipur Road)
NH 37 (km. 680) – Junction with NH 1B near Goalpara and Guwahati to Saikhoaghat
NH 37A (km. 23) – Kuarital to Junction with NH 52 near Tezpur
NH 38 (km. 54) – Makum to Lekhapani
NH 39 (km. 436) – Numaligarh to Palel and Indo Burma Border
NH 40 (km. 216) – Jorabat to Indo-Bangladesh Border near Dawki and Jowai
NH 41 (km. 51) – Junction with NH 6 near Kolaghat to Haldia Port
NH 42 (km. 261) – Junction with NH 6 Sambalpur Angual Junction with NH5 near Cuttack
NH 43 (km. 551) – Raipur to Jagdalpur and Vizianagaram Junction with NH 5 near Natavalasa
NH 44 (km. 630) – Shillong to Sabroom
NH 44A (km. 230) – Aizawl to Manu
NH 45 (km. 387) – Chennai to Theni
NH 45A (km. 190) – Villupuram to Nagapattinam
NH 45B (km. 257) – Trichy to Tuticorin
NH 45C (km. 159) – The highway starting from its junction with NH 67 near Thanjavur and connecting Kumbakonam to Panruti and terminates near Vikravandi on NH to 45
NH 46 (km. 132) – Krishnagiri to Ranipet
NH 47 (km. 640) – Salem to Kanyakumari
NH 47A (km. 6) – Junction with NH 47 at Kundanoor to Willington Island in Kochi
NH 47C (km. 17) – Junction with NH 47 at Kalamassery to Vallarpadom ICTT in Kochi
NH 48 (km. 328) – Bangalore to Magalore
NH 49 (km. 440) – Kochi to Dhanushkodi
NH 50 (km. 192) – Nasik to Junction with NH 4 near Pune
NH 51 (km. 149) – Paikan to Dalu
NH 52 (km. 850) – Baihata to Tezu and Sitapani Junction with NH 37 near Saikhoaghat
NH 52A (km. 57) – Banderdewa to Gohpur
NH 52B (km. 31) – Kulajan to Dibrugarh
NH 53 (km. 320) – Junction with NH 44 near Badarpur and Jirighat to Imphal
NH 54 (km. 850) – Dabaka to Tuipang
NH 54A (km. 9) – Theriat to Lunglei
NH 54B (km. 27) – Venus Saddle to Saiha
NH 55 (km. 77) – Siliguri to Darjeeling
NH 56 (km. 285) – Lucknow to Varanasi
NH 56A (km. 13) – Chenhat (NH 28) to 16 (NH 56)
NH 56B (km. 19) – 15 (NH 56) to 6 (NH 25)
NH 57 (km. 310) – Muzaffarpur to Purnea
NH 57A (km. 15) – Junction of NH 57 near Forbesganj to Jogbani
NH 58 (km. 538) – Delhi to Mana Pass
NH 59 (km. 350) – Ahmedabad to Indore
NH 59A (km. 264) – Indore to Betul
NH 60 (km. 446) – Balasore to Moregram (Junction at NH 34)
NH 61 (km. 240) – Kohima to Jhanji
NH 62 (km. 195) – Damra to Dalu
NH 63 (km. 432) – Ankola to Gooty
NH 64 (km. 256) – Chandigarh to Dabwali
NH 65 (km. 690) – Ambala to Pali
NH 66 (km. 214) – Pondy to Krishnagiri
NH 67 (km. 555) – Nagapattinam to Gundlupet
NH 68 (km. 134) – Ulundrupet to Salem
NH 69 (km. 350) – Nagpur to Obedullaganj
NH 70 (km. 170) – Jalandhar to Mandi
NH 71 (km. 307) – Jalandhar to Bawal
NH 71A (km. 72) – Rohtak to Panipat
NH 71B (km. 74) – Rewari to Palwal
NH 72 (km. 200) – Ambala to Haridwar
NH 72A (km. 45) – Chhutmalpur to
NH 73 (km. 188) – Roorkee to Panchkula
NH 74 (km. 300) – Haridwar to Bareilly
NH 75 (km. 955) – Gwalior to Ranchi
NH 76 (km. 1,007) – Pindwara to Allahabad
NH 77 (km. 142) – Hajipur Sonbarsa
NH 78 (km. 559) – Katni to Gumla
NH 79 (km. 500) – Ajmer to Indore
NH 79A (km. 35) – Kishangarh (NH 8) to Nasirbad (NH 79)
NH 80 (km. 310) – Mokameh to Farrakka
NH 81 (km. 100) – Kora to Malda
NH 82 (km. 130) – Gaya to Mokameh
NH 83 (km. 130) – Patna to Dhobi
NH 84 (km. 60) – Arrah to Buxar
NH 85 (km. 95) – Chhapra to Gopalganj
NH 86 (km. 674) – Kanpur to Dewas
NH 87 (km. 83) – Rampur to Nainital
NH 88 (km. 115) – Shimla to Bhawan and NH 20
NH 90 (km. 100) – Baran to Aklera
NH 91 (km. 405) – Ghaziabad to Kanpur
NH 92 (km. 171) – Bhongaon to Gwalior
NH 93 (km. 220) – Agra to Moradabad
NH 94 (km. 160) – Hrishikesh to Yamunotri
NH 95 (km. 225) – Kharar (Chandigarh) to Ferozepur
NH 96 (km. 160) – Faizabad to Allahabad
NH 97 (km. 45) – Ghazipur to Saiyedraja
NH 98 (km. 207) – Patna to Rajhara
NH 99 (km. 110) – Dobhi to Chandwa
NH 100 (km. 118) – Chatra to Bagodar
NH 101 (km. 60) – Chhapra to Mohammadpur
NH 102 (km. 80) – Chhapra to Muzaffarpur
NH 103 (km. 55) – Hajipur to Mushrigharari
NH 104 (km. 160) – Chakia to Narahai
NH 105 (km. 66) – Darbhanga to Jaynagar
NH 106 (km. 130) – Birpur to Bihpur
NH 107 (km. 145) – Maheshkhunt to Purnea
NH 108 (km. 127) – Dharasu to Gangotri Dham
NH 109 (km. 76) – Rudraprayag to kedarnath Dham
NH 110 (km. 89) – Junction with NH 98 and Arwal to Ekangarsarai Bihar Sharif and Junction with NH 31
NH 111 (km. 200) – Bilaspur to Katghora and Ambikapur on NH 78
NH 112 (km. 343) – Bar Jaitaran to Barmer
NH 113 (km. 240) – Nimbahera to Dahod
NH 114 (km. 180) – Jodhpur to Pokaran
NH 116 (km. 80) – Tonk to Sawai Madhopur
NH 117 (km. 119) – Haora to Bakkhali
NH 119 (km. 260) – Pauri to Meerut
NH 121 (km. 252) – Kashipur to Bubakhal
NH 123 (km. 95) – Barkot to Vikasnagar
NH 125 (km. 201) – Sitarganj to Pithorgarh
NH 150 (km. 700) – Aizwal to Kohima
NH 151 (km. 14) – Karimganj to Indo and Bangladesh border
NH 152 (km. 40) – Patacharkuchi to Indo and Bhutan Border
NH 153 (km. 60) – Ldo to Indo and Myanmar Border
NH 154 (km. 180) – Dhaleswar to Kanpui
NH 155 (km. 342) – Tuensang to Pfutsero
NH 200 (km. 740) – Raipur to Chandikhole
NH 201 (km. 310) – Borigumma to Bargarh
NH 202 (km. 280) – Hyderabad to Bhopalpatnam
NH 203 (km. 59) – Bhubaneswar to Puri
NH 204 (km. 974) – Ratnigiri to Nagpur
NH 205 (km. 442) – Anantpur to Chennai
NH 206 (km. 363) – Tumkur to Honnavar
NH 207 (km. 155) – Hosur to Nelamangala
NH 208 (km. 206) – Kollam to Thirumangalam (Madurai)
NH 209 (km. 456) – Dindigul to Bangalore
NH 210 (km. 160) – Trichy to Ramanathapuram
NH 211 (km. 400) – Solapur to Dhule
NH 212 (km. 250) – Kozhikode to Kollegal
NH 213 (km. 130) – Palghat to Kozhikode
NH 214 (km. 270) – Kathipudi to Pamarru
NH 214A (km. 255) – Digamarru to Ongole
NH 215 (km. 348) – Panikoili to Rajamunda
NH 216 (km. 80) – Raigarh to Saraipali
NH 217 (km. 508) – Raipur to Gopalpur
NH 218 (km. 176) – Bijapur to Hubli
NH 219 (km. 150) – Madanapalle to Krishnagiri
NH 220 (km. 265) – Kollam to Theni
NH 221 (km. 329) – Vijaywada to Jagdalpur
NH 222 (km. 610) – Kalyan to Nirmal
NH 223 (km. 300) – Port Blair to Mayabunder
NH 224 (km. 298) – Khordha to Balangir
NH 226 (km. 204) – Perambalur to Manamadurai
NH 227 (km. 136) – Trichy to Chidambaram
NH 228 (km. 374) – Sabarmati Ashram to Dandi
NH 229 (km. 1,090) – Tawang to Pasighat
NH 230 (km. 82) – Madurai to Thondi
NH 231 (km. 169) – Raibareli to Jaunpur
NH 232 (km. 305) – Ambedkarnagar (Tanda) to Banda
NH 232A (km. 68) – Unnao to Lalganj (Junction of NH to 32)
NH 233 (km. 292) – India to Nepal border and Varanasi
NH 234 (km. 780) – Mangalore to Villuppuram
NH 235 (km. 66) – Merrut to Bulandshahr

One Word Substitute

One Word Substitution
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1. Audience – a number of people listening to a lecture
2. Altruist – one, who considers the happiness and well-being of others first
3. Atheist – a person who does not believe in God
4. Anthropologist – one, who studies the evolution of mankind
5. Autocracy – government by one person
6. Autobiography – the life history of a person written by himself
7. Amputate – to cut off a part of a person's body which is infected
8. Arsenal – a place for ammunition and weapons
9. Archives – a place where government or public records are kept
10. Amateur – a man who does a thing for pleasure and not as a profession
11. Aristocracy – government by the nobles
12. Aquatic – animals/plants ere which live in water
13. Amphibian – animals which live both on land and sea
14. Ambidexter – one, who can use either hand with ease
15. Alimony – allowance paid to wife on legal separation
16. Anthology – a collection of poems
17. Abdication – voluntary giving up of throne in favour of someone
18. Arbitrator – a person, appointed by two parties to solve a dispute
19. Astronomer – a person, who studies stars, planets and other heavenly bodies
20. Astrologer – a person who studies the influence of heavenly bodies on human beings
21. Anthology – a collection of poems
22. Axiom – a statement which is accepted as true without proof
23. Agenda – a list of headings of the business to be transacted at a meeting
24. Anarchist – one, who is out to destroy all governance, law and order
25. Almanac – an annual calender with positions of stars
26. Bigamy – the practice of having two wives or husbands at a time
27. Bibliophile – a lover and collector of books
28. Bouquet – a collection of flowers
29. Bureaucracy – government by the officials
30. Belligerent – a person, nation that is involved in war
31. Biennial – an event which happens once in two years
32. Blasphemy – the act of speaking disrespectfully about sacred things
33. Creche – a nursery where children are cared for while their parents are at work
34. Cosmopolitan – a person who regards whole world as his country
35. Chauffeur – one, who is employed to drive a motor car
36. Curator – a person incharge of a museum
37. Carnivorous – one, who lives on flesh
38. Cannibal – one, who feeds on human flesh
39. Contemporaries – belonging to or living at the same time
40. Cloak room – a place for luggage at railway station
41. Cynosure – centre of attraction
42. Connoisseur – a critical judge of any art and craft
43. Crusade – a religious war
44. Choreographer – one, who teaches dancing
45. Cacographist – a person, who is bad in spellings
46. Calligraphist – a person, who writes beautiful handwriting
47. Cynic – one, who sneers at the aims and beliefs of his fellow men
48. Convalescent – one, who is recovering health
49. Cavalry – soldiers, who fight on horse back
50. Cardiologist – a person, who is specialist in heart diseases
51. Cartographer – one, who draws maps
52. Dormitory – the sleeping rooms with several beds especially in a college or institution
53. Drawn – a game that results neither in victory nor in defeat
54. Elegy – a poem of lamentation
55. Epitaph – words which are inscribed on the grave or the tomb in the memory of the buried
56. Ephemeral – lasting one day
57. Effeminate – a person who is womanish
58. Emigrant – a person who leaves his own country and goes to live in another
59. Edible – fit to be eaten
60. Egotism – practice of talking too much about oneself
61. Encyclopaedia – a book that contains information on various subjects
62. Epicure – one, who is devoted to the pleasure of eating and drinking
63. Florist – one, who deals-in flowers
64. Fastidious – one, who is very -selective in one's taste
65. Fanatic or Bigot – one, who is filled with excessive and mistaken enthusiasm in religious matters
66. Fatal – causing death
67. Fatalist – one, who believes in fate
68. Facsimile – an exact copy of handwriting, printing etc
69. Fauna – the animals of a certain region
70. Flora – the plants of a particular region
71. Fratricide – murder of brother
72. Fugitive – one, who runs away from justice or the law
73. Fragile – easily broken
74. Feminist – one, who works for the welfare of the women
75. Granary – a place for grains
76. Genocide – murder of race
77. Gregarious – animals which live in flocks
78. Hangar – a place for housing aeroplanes
79. Hive – a place for bees
80. Horticulture – the art of cultivating and managing gardens
81. Homicide – murder of man
82. Hearse – a vehicle which is used to carry a dead body
83. Hedonist – one, who believes that pleasure is the chief good (sensual)
84. Horizon – a line at which the earth and the sky seem to meet
85. Honorary – holding office without any remuneration
86. Heretic – one, who acts against religion
87. Herbivorous – one, who lives on herbs
88. Insolvent/Bankrupt – a person who is unable to pay his debts
89. Inaudible – a sound that cannot be heard
90. Inaccessible – that cannot be easily approached
91. Incorrigible – incapable of being corrected
92. Irreparable – incapable of being repaired
93. Illegible – incapable of being read
94. Inevitable – incapable of being avoided
95. Impracticable – incapable of being practised
96. Immigrant – a person who comes to one country from another in order to settle there
97. Invincible – one, too strong to be overcome
98. Indelible – that cannot be erased
99. Incognito – travelling under another name than one's own
100. Indefatigable – one, who does not tire easily
101. Infallible – one, who is free from all mistakes and failures
102. Invigilator – one, who supervises in the examination hall
103. Itinerant – one, who journeys from place to place
104. Infirmary – a home or room used for ill or injured people
105. Infanticide – murder of an infant
106. Infantry – soldiers, who fight on foot
107. Inflammable – liable to catch fire easily
108. Interregnum – a period of interval between two reigns or governments
109. Kennel – a place for dogs
110. Lunatic asylum – a home for lunatics
111. Lexicographer – one, who compiles a dictionary
112. Loquacious – one, who talks continuously
113. Linguist – one, who is skilled in foreign languages
114. Lapidist – one, who cuts precious stones
115. Misanthrope – a hater of mankind
116. Misogamist – one, who hates marriage
117. Mortuary – a place, where dead bodies are kept for post mortem
118. Mercenery – working only for the sake of money
119. Matricide – murder of mother
120. Martyr – one, who dies for a noble cause
121. Maiden speech – the first speech delivered by a person
122. Mint – a place where coins are made
123. Misogynist – a hater of womankind
124. Morgue – a place, where dead bodies are kept for identification
125. Mammals – animals which give milk
126. Monogamy – the practice of marrying one at a time
127. Missionary – a person, who is sent to propagate religion
128. Numismatics – the study of coins
129. Namesake – a person having same name as another
130. Nostalgia – a strong desire to return home, home sickness
131. Novice or Tyro – one, new to anything, inexperienced
132. Narcotic – a medicine for producing sleep
133. Optimist – a person who looks at the brighter side of things
134. Orphan – one, who has lost parents
135. Omnipresent – one, who is present everywhere
136. Omnipotent – one, who is all powerful
137. Omniscient – one, who knows everything
138. Opaque – that which cannot be seen through
139. Obituary – an account in the newspaper of the funeral of the one deceased
140. Orphanage – a home for orphans
141. Obstetrician – one, who is skilled in midwifery
142. Ostler – one, who looks after horses at an inn
143. Omnivorous – one, who eats everything
144. Pessimist – a person who looks at the darker side of things
145. Potable – fit to drink
146. Post mortem – an examination of dead body
147. Philanthropist – a lover of mankind
148. Patricide – murder of father
149. Philatelist – one, who collects stamps
150. Plagiarism – literary theft or passing off an author's original work as one's own
151. Polygamy – the practice of marrying more than one wife at a time
152. Polyandry – the practice of marrying more than one husband at a time
153. Philogynist – a lover of womankind
154. Plebiscite – (a decision made by) votes of all qualified citizens
155. Philanderer – one, who amuses himself by love making
156. Philistine – one who does not care for art and literature
157. Plutocracy – government by the rich
158. Pseudonym – an imaginary name assumed by an author for disguise
159. Posthumous – a child born after the death of his father or the book published after the death of the writer
160. Panacea – a remedy for all diseases
161. Paediatrician – a person, who is specialist in child diseases
162. Platitude – ordinary remarks often repeated
163. Pedant – one, who makes a vain display of his knowledge
164. Polyglot – one, who speaks many languages
165. Paleography – the study of ancient writing
166. Posse – a number of policemen called to quell a riot
167. Parole – pledge given by a prisoner for temporary release, not to escape
168. Pedestrian – one, who goes on foot
169. Portable – that can be carried easily
170. Quarantine – an act of separation from other persons to avoid infection
171. Rhetoric – the art of elegant speech or writing
172. Regicide – murder of King or Queen
173. Sacrilege – violating or profaning religious things/places
174. Sculptor – one, who cuts in stones
175. Suicide – murder of oneself
176. Stable – a place for horses
177. Somnambulist – a person, who walks in sleep
178. Somniloquist – a person, who talks in sleep
179. Souvenir – a thing kept as a reminder of a person, place or event
180. Swan song – the last work (literary) of a writer
181. Sot, Toper – one, who is a habitual drunkard
182. Sinecure – a job with high salary but little responsibility
183. Stoic – a person, who is indifferent to pleasure and pain and has control over his passions
184. Sanatorium – a place for the sick to recover health
185. Sororicide – murder of sister
186. Triennial – an event which happens once in three years
187. Truant – a person/student who absents himself from class or duty without permission
188. Teetotaller – one, who does not take any intoxicating drink
189. Transparent – that which can be seen through
190. Theocracy – government by religious principles
191. Uxorious – one extremely fond of one's wife
192. Utopia – an imaginary perfect social and political system
193. Uxoricide – murder of wife
194. Verbatim – repetition of speech or writing word for word
195. Volunteer – one, who offers one's services
196. Virgin – a woman who has no sexual experience

Derek Walcott

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*Nobel laureate, poet and playwright Derek Walcott dead, aged 87.*
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            *BRIEF UPDATE*
*Derek Walcott,* who died in Saint Lucia, was famous for his monumental body of work that wove in Carribean history, particularly his epic Omeros.
The poet and playwright Derek Walcott, who moulded the language and forms of the western canon to his own purposes for more than half a century, has died aged 87.

His monumental poetry, including 1973’s verse autobiography, Another Life, and his Caribbean reimagining of The Odyssey, 1990’s Omeros, secured him an international reputation which gained him the Nobel prize in 1992. But this was matched by a theatrical career conducted mostly in the islands of his birth as a director and writer with more than 80 plays to his credit.

Born on Saint Lucia in 1930, Walcott’s ancestry wove together the major strands of Caribbean history, an inheritance he described famously in a poem from 1980’s The Star-Apple Kingdom as having “Dutch, nigger, and English in me, / and either I’m nobody, or I’m a / nation”. Both of his grandmothers were said to have been descended from slaves, but his father, who died when Walcott was only a year old, was a painter, and his mother the headmistress of a methodist school - enough to ensure that Walcott received what he called in the same poem a “sound colonial education”. He published his first collection of poems – funded by his mother – at the age of 19. A year later, in 1950, he staged his first play and went to study English literature, French and Latin at the newly established University College of the West Indies in Jamaica.
After graduating in 1953 he moved to Trinidad, where he founded the Trinidad Theatre Workshop in 1959. It was an island recently vacated by VS Naipaul, a contemporary of Walcott’s whose career advanced in eerie synchronicity – from early dreams of a life in literature to Nobel success. Naipaul was first to find a London publisher, Walcott first to find favour with the Swedish Academy - but their contrasting approach to the legacy of empire soured their early friendship, igniting a feud which reached its apogee when Walcott read out an attack in verse at the 2008 Calabash festival in Jamaica: “I have been bitten, I must avoid infection / Or else I’ll be as dead as Naipaul’s fiction.”
Walcott continued his project to make the western canon his own, summoning up the spirits of Shakespeare, Wordsworth, Yeats and Eliot in a series of collections which explored his position “between the Greek and African pantheon”. His decision to write mostly in standard English brought attacks from the Black Power movement in the 1970s, which Walcott answered in the voice of a mulatto sea-dog in The Star-Apple Kingdom: “I have no nation now but the imagination./ After the white man, the niggers didn’t want me/ when the power swing to their side./ The first chain my hands and apologize, ‘History’ / the next said I wasn’t black enough for their pride.” His 1990 epic, Omeros, tackled the ghost of Homer head on, relocating Achilles, Helen and Philoctetes among the island fishermen of the West Indies.
A 1981 MacArthur “genius” grant cemented Walcott’s links with the US, first forged during a Rockefeller fellowship begun in 1957. Teaching positions at Boston, Columbia, Rutgers and Yale followed, but his teaching style, which he described as “deliberately personal and intense”, got him into trouble. Two female students at two universities accused him of interfering with their academic achievements after they rejected his advances. One case was settled out of court, but this was said to have counted against him when he was passed over for the post of poet laureate in 1999. It was also the focus of an anonymous smear campaign which forced him to withdraw his candidacy for the post of Oxford professor of poetry in the notorious 2009 election campaign for the post, and which forced the resignation of his rival Ruth Padel only nine days into her term, after it emerged that she had sent details of a book discussing both cases to a journalist at the Evening Standard.

His later work circled around the question of whether “frequent exile turns to treachery”. While 2000’s Tiepolo’s Hound was anchored in the power of the home landscape, 2005’s The Prodigal despairs of an earlier vow to stay true to the local. “Approbation had made me an exile,” he wrote, “my craft’s irony was in betrayal, / it widened reputation and shrank the archipelago / to stepping stones, oceans to puddles, it made / that vow provincial and predictable”.

Hyperbole

It's so hot today; I'm going to melt if I go outside! (melt = to change from solid to liquid form because of heat) Am I really going to melt? Of course not! This is an example of hyperbole. Hyperbole is exaggerated language. Is there a common hyperbole (such as "my feet are killing me!") in your language?

NET/SLET 50 MCQ English

for NET/SLET 50 MCQ
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1. Identify the work by Ruskin which began as a defence of contemporary landscape artist
especially Turner-

(A) The Stones of Venice
(B) The Two Paths
(C) The Seven Lamps of Architecture
(D) Modern Painters
Answer:D

2. The term ‘the Palliser Novels’ is used to describe the political novels of—

(A) Charles Dickens
(B) Anthony Trollope
(C) W.H.White
(D) B. Disraeli
Answer:B

3. Identify the poet whom Queen Victoria, regarded as the perfect poet of ‘1ove and loss’-

(A) Tennyson
(B) Browning
(C) Swinburne
(D) D. G. Rossetti
Answer:D

4. A verse form using stanza of eight lines, each with eleven syllables, is known as•—

(A) Spenserian Stanza
(B) Ballad
(C) Ottava Rima
(D) Rhyme Royal
Answer:C

5. Identify the writer who first used blank verse in English poetry~—

(A) Sir Thomas Wyatt
(B) William Shakespeare
(C) Earl of Surrey
(D) Milton
Answer:C

6. The Aesthetic Movement which blossomed during the 1880s was not influenced by—

(A) The Pre-Raphaelites
(B) Ruskin
(C) Pater
(D) Matthew Arnold
Answer:D

7. Identify the rhetorical figure used in the following line of Tennyson : “Faith unfaithful
kept him falsely true/’

(A) Oxymoron
(B) Metaphor
(C) Simile
(D) Synecdoche
Answer:A

8. W. B. Yeats used the phrase ‘the artifice of eternity’ in his poem——

(A) Sailing to Byzantium
(B) Byzantium
(C) The Second Coming
(D) Leda and the Swan
Answer:A

9. Who is Pip’s friend in London ?
(A) Pumblechook
(B) Herbert Pocket
(C) Bentley Drummle
(D) Jaggers
Answer:D

10. Who is Mr. Tench in The Power and the Glory ?

(A) A teacher
(B) A clerk
(C) A thief
(D) A dentist
Answer:C

11. Pride and Prejudice was originally a youthful work entitled-

(A) Last Impressions
(B) False Impressions
(C) First Impressions
(D) True Impressions
Answer:C

12. Identify the novel in which the character of Charlotte Lucas figures-

(A) Great Expectations
(B) The Power and the Glory
(C) Lord of the Flies
(D) Pride and Prejudice
Answer:D

13. ‘There’s a special providence in the fall of a sparrow.”
The line given above occurs in

(A) Hamlet
(B) Henry IV, Pt I
(C) The Tempest
(D) Twelfth Night
Answer:A

14, Who said that Shakespeare in his comedies has only heroines and no heroes?

(A) Ben Jonson
(B) John Ruskin
(C) Thomas Carlyle
(D) William Hazlitt
Answer:B

15. Sir John Falstaff is one of Shakespeare’s greatest-

(A) comic figures
(B) historical figures
(C) romantic figures
(D) tragic figures
Answer:A

16. That Milton was of the Devil’s party without knowing it, was said by——

(A) Blake
(B) Eliot
(C) Johnson
(D) Shelley
Answer:A

17. Who called Shelley ‘a beautiful and ineffectual angel beating in the void his luminous wings in vain’ ?

(A) Walter Rater
(B) A. C. Swinburne
(C) Matthew Arnold
(D) T. S. Eliot
Answer:C

18. Essays of Elia are——

(A) full of didactic sermonizing
(B) practically autobiographical fragments
(C) remarkable for their aphoristic style
(D) satirical and critical

Answer:B

19. The theme of Tennyson’s Poem ‘The Princess’ is-

(A) Queen Victoria’s coronation
(B) Industrial Revolution
(C) Women’s Education and Rights
(D) Rise of Democracy
Answer:C

20. Thackeray’s Esmond is a novel of historical realism capturing the spirit of-

(A) the Medieval age
(B) the Elizabethan age
(C) the age of Queen Anne
(D) the Victorian age
Answer:A

21. Oedipus Complex is-

(A) a kind of physical ailment
(B) a kind of vitamin
(C) a brother’s attraction towards his sister
(D) a son’s attraction towards his mother
Answer:D

22. “My own great religion is a belief in the blood, the flesh as being wiser than the intellect’ Who wrote this ?

(A) Graham Greene
(B) D. H. Lawrence
(C) Charles Dickens
(D) Jane Austen
Answer:B

23 Shakespeare makes fun of the Puritans in his play-

(A) Twelfth Night
(B) Hamlet
(C) The Tempest
(D) Henry IV, Pt I
Answer:A

24. “The rarer action is in virtue that in vengeance.” This line occurs

(A) Hamlet
(B) Henry IV, Pt I
(C) The Tempest
(D) Twelfth Night
Answer:C

25. Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice is a—

(A) Picaresque novel
(B) Gothic novel
(C) Domestic novel
(D) Historical novel
Answer:C

26. ‘Heaven lies about us in our infancy’. This line occurs in the poem—

(A) Immortality Ode
(B) Tintern Abbey
(C) The Second Coming
(D) Leda and the Swan
Answer:A

27. Wordsworth calls himself ‘a Worshipper of Nature’ in his poem—

(A) Immortality Ode
(B) Tintern Abbey
(C) The Prelude
(D) The Solitary Reaper
Answer:B

28. When Wordsworth’s ‘immortality Ode’ was first published in 1802, it had on1y—-

(A) Stanzas I to IV
(B) Stanzas I to V
(C) Stanzas Ito VI
(D) Stanzas I to VII
Answer:B

29. Which method of narration has been employed by Dickens in his novel Great Expectations ?

(A) Direct or epic method
(B) Documentary method
(C) Stream of Consciousness technique
(D) Autobiographical method
Answer:A

30. Who said ‘Keats was a Greek’ ?

(A) Wordsworth
(B) Coleridge
(C) Lamb
(D) Shelley
Answer:D

31. D. G. Rossetti was a true literary descendant of-

(A) Keats
(B) Byron
(C) Shelley
(D) Wordsworth
Answer:A

32. To which character in Hamlet does the following description apply ?
“The tedious wiseacre who meddles his way to his doom.”

(A) Claudius
(B) Hamlet
(C) Polonius
(D) Rosencrantz
Answer:B

33. ‘Brevity is the soul of wit’ is a quotation from-

(A) Milton
(B) William Shakespeare
(C) T. S. Eliot
(D) Ruskin
Answer:B

34. “Dost thou think, because thou art virtuous,
there shall be no more cakes and ale’
Who speaks the lines given above in Twelfth Night ?

(A) Duke Orsino
(B) Malvolio
(C) Sir Andrew Aguecheek
(D) Sir Toby Belch
Answer:D

35. ln Paradise Lost, Book I, Satan is the embodiment of Milton’s—

(A) Sense of injured merit
(B) Hatred of tyranny
(C) Spirit of revolt
(D) All these
Answer:C

36. Who calls poetry “the breadth and finer spirit of all knowledge” ?

(A) Wordsworth
(B) Shelley
(C) Keats
(D) Coleridge
Answer:A

37. Twelfth Night opens with the speech of-

(A) Viola
(B) Duke
(C) Olivia
(D) Malvolio
Answer:B

38. What was the cause of William’s death in Sons and Lovers ?

(A) An accident
(B) An overdose of morphia
(C) Suicide
(D) Pneumonia
Answer:D

39. Which poem of Coleridge is an opium dream ?

(A) Kubla Khan
(B) Christabel
(C) The Ancient Mariner
(D) Ode on the Departing Year
Answer:A

40. Which stanza form did Shelley use in his famous poem ‘Ode to the West Wind’ ?

(A) Rime royal
(B) Ottava rirna
(C) Terza rima
(D) Spenserian Stanza
Answer:C

41. The phrase ‘Pathetic fallacy’ is coined by-

(A) Milton
(B) Coleridge
(C) Carlyle
(D) John Ruskin
Answer:D

42. Tracts for the Times relates to-

(A) The Oxford Movement
(B) The Pre-Raphaelite Movement
(C) The Romantic Movement
(D) The Symbolist Movement
Answer:A

43. The Chartist Movement sought-

(A) Protection of the political rights of the working class
(B) Recognition of chartered trading companies
(C) Political rights for women
(D) Protection of the political rights of the middle class
Answer:A

44. Who wrote Biographia Literaria ?

(A) Byron
(B) Shelley
(C) Coleridge
(D) Lamb
Answer:C

45. Who was Fortinbras ?

(A) Claudius’s son
(B) Son to the king of Norway
(C) Ophelia’s lover
(D) Hamlet’s friend

Answer:B

46. How many soliloquies are spoken by Hamlet in the play Hamlet ?

(A) Nine
(B) Seven
(C) Five
(D) Three
Answer:C

47. “The best lack all conviction,
while the worst are full of passionate intensity’
The above lines have been taken from— `

(A) The Waste Land
(B) Tintern Abbey
(C) The Second Coming
(D) Prayer for My Daughter
Answer:C

48. William Morel in Sons and Lovers is drawn after—

(A) Lawrence’s father
(B) Lawrence’s brother
(C) Lawrence himself
(D) None of these
Answer:D

49. The most notable characteristic of Keats’ poetry is-

(A) Satire
(B) Sensuality
(C) Sensuousness
(D) Social reform
Answer:C

50. The keynote of Browning’s philosophy of life is-

(A) agnosticism
(B) optimism
(C) pessimism
(D) skepticism
Answer:B
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Onomatopoeia

Buzz! Hiss! Boom! These are examples of onomatopoeia. What is onomatopoeia? It's the creation of words that imitate the sounds they describe. Do these types of words exist in your language? What are some?

Mania and obsession

Manias and Obsessions
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👉Ablutomanina: Mania for washing oneself
👉Aboulomania: Pathological indecisiveness
👉Agromanina: Intense desire to be in open spaces
👉Andromanina: An obsession with men
👉Anglomania: Craze or obsession with England and the English
👉Anthomania: Obsession with flowers
👉Aphrodisiomania: Abnormal sexual interest
👉Arithmomania: Obsessive preoccupation with numbers
👉Balletomania: Craze for books or reading
👉Bruxomania: Compulsion for grinding teeth
👉Cacodemomania: Pathological belief that one is inhabited by an evil spirit
👉Catapedamania: Obsession with jumping from high places
👉Chinamania: Obsession with collecting china
👉Choreomania: Dancing mania or frenzy
👉Clinomania: Excessive desire to stay in bed
👉Copromania: Obsession with feces
👉Dacnomania: Obsession with killing
👉Demonomania: Pathological belief that one is possessed demons
👉Dinomania: Mania for dancing
👉Dipsomania: Abnormal craving for alcohol
👉Discomania: Obsession for disco music
👉Doramania: Obsession with owning furs
👉Doromania: Obsession with giving gifts
👉Drapetomania: Intense desire to run away from home
👉Dromomania: Compulsive longing for travel
👉Ecdemomania: Abnormal compulsion for wandering
👉Egomania: Irrational self-centered attitude or self-worship
👉Eeleutheromania: Manic desire for freedom
👉Empleomania: Mania for holding public office
👉Enosimania: Pathological belief that one has sinned
👉Engheomania: Abnormal belief that one is divinely inspired
👉Epoania: Craze for writing epics
👉Ergasiomania: Excessive desire to work; ergomania
👉Ergomania: Excessive desire to work; workabholism
👉Erotomania: Abnormally powerful sex drive
👉Etheromania: Craving for ether
👉Ethomania: Obsessive devotion to one’s own people
👉Eulogomania: Obsessive craze for flogging
👉Florimania: Craze for flowers
👉Francomania: Craze or obsession with France and the French
👉Gallomania: Craze or obsession with France and the French
👉Gamomania: Obsession with issuing odd marriage proposals
👉Graecomania: Obsession with Greece and the Greeks
👉Graphomania: Obsession with writing
👉Gynaecomania: Abnormal sexual obsession with women
👉Habromania: Insanity featuring cheerful delusions
👉Hagiomania: Mania for sainthood
👉Hellenomania: Obsession with Greece and the Greeks; Graecomania
👉Hexametermania: Mania for writing in hexameter
👉Hieromania: Pathological religious visions or delusions
👉Hippomania: Obsession with horses
👉Hydromania: Irrational craving for water
👉Hylomania: Excessive tendency towards materialism
👉Hypermania: Severe mania
👉Hypomania: Minor mania
👉Iconomania: Obsession with icons or portraits
👉Idolomania: Obsession or devotion to idols
👉Infomania: Excessive devotion to accumulating facts
👉Islomania: Craze or obsession for islands
👉Italomania: Obsession with Italy or Italians
👉Kleptomania: Irrational predilection for stealing
👉Logomania: Pathological loquacity
👉Lypemania: Extreme pathological mournfulness
👉Macromania: Delusion that objects are larger than natural size
👉Megalomania: Abnormal tendency towards grand or grandiose behaviour
👉Melomania: Craze for music
👉Methomania: Morbid craving for alcohol
👉Metromania: Insatiable desire for writing verse
👉Micromania: Pathological self-deprecation or belief that one is very small
👉Monomania: Abnormal obsession with a single thought or ideas
👉Morphinomania: Habitual craving or desire for morphine
👉Musomania: Obsession with music
👉Mythomania: Lying or exaggerating to an abnormal extent
👉Narcromania: Uncontrollable craving for narcotics
👉Necromania: Sexual obsession with dead bodies; necrophila
👉Nosomania: Delusion of suffering from disease
👉Nostomania: Abnormal desire to go back to familiar places
👉Nymphomania: Excessive or crazed sexual desire
👉Oenomania: Obsession or craze for wine
👉Oligomania: Obsession with a few thoughts or ideas
👉Oniomania: Mania for making purchases
👉Onomamania: Mania for names
👉Onomatomania: Irresistible
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Grammar Family

[ 🌹Grammar Family 🌹
There is a family in London whose surname is Grammar. There is a couple, Mr. Noun and Mrs. Verb. The couple has three children: a son, Pronoun and two daughters, Adverb and Adjective. The son(pronoun) has to do all the work of his father in his absence. The two daughters love each other but there is a difference in them. Adjective loves her father and brother and keeps praising them. Adverb loves her mother more and she always modifies her when there is a need. There are two servants in the family. Preposition and Conjunction. The preposition is the chief servant. He is the official servant of his master. Conjunction is the family servant and looks after every member of the family. The Interjection joins the family in times of joy and sorrow.
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Once upon a time! When Window was just a square hole in a room & Application was something written on a paper. When Keyboard was a Piano and Mouse just an animal. When File was an important office material and Hard Drive just an uncomfortable road trip. When Cut was done with knife and Paste with glu. When Web was a spider's home and virus was flu. When Apple and Blackberry were just fruits .... That's when we had a lot of time for family and friends!😊

Suffix

*👌Graphy(suffix)👌*

*Autobiography-खुद की जिंवनी*

*Biography-किसी की जीवनी*

*Calligraphy-सुंदर लिखावट*

*Cryptography-रहस्यgayan*

*Oceanography-समुन्द्र का अध्ययन*

*Cartographer-मानचित्र का अध्ययन*

*Typography-मुद्रण कला*

*Demography-जनसंख्या का अध्ययन*

*Bibliography-ग्रंथ सूची*

*Cacographer-असुद्ध लिखने वाला*

*Choreographer-नाच सीखने वाला*

*Lexicographer-सब्दकोस संग्राही*

*Orography-पहाड़ो का स्टडी*

*Paleography-पुरालेख*

*Topography-भूतल मानचित्र*

*Aetiology-बीमारी जानने का विज्ञान*

*Anthology-कविता का संग्रह*

*Anthropology-मानवसास्त्र*

*Astrology-ज्योतिष सास्त्र*

*Orthology-सही सब्द विज्ञान*

*Cardiology-हिर्दय रोग विशेषग*

*Chronology-कालानुक्रम*

*Dermatologist-तव्चारोग विशेषज्ञ*

*Neology-सबद रचना का अध्ययन*

*Odontology-दयंत विज्ञान*

*Cytology-कोशिका विज्ञान*

*Ecology-परिवेश विज्ञान*

*Ornithology-पछीविज्ञान*

*Ethnology-जातिविज्ञान*

*Pathology-रोगनिदान विज्ञान*

*Phrenology-मनोदासा विज्ञान*

*Physiology-शरीर संरचना विज्ञान*

*Morphology-वनस्पति विज्ञान*

*Histology-तंतु विज्ञान*

*Materology-जलवायु विज्ञान*

*Zoology-प्राणी विज्ञान*

English fun

Did you know that enneacontakaienneagon is actually a word in the English language? (And you thought pronouncing supercalifragilisticexpialidocious was difficult?). In fact, the meaning of the word is just as bizarre as the word itself: it’s a shape with ninety-nine sides.

Compared to other languages, English may seem simple, but that is probably because most people don’t realize it is full of crazy inventions, misinterpretations, mistakes, strange words, and needless words!

Let’s take a look at ten interesting facts about the English language:

1“I am” is the shortest complete sentence in the English language.



2 A pangram sentence is one that contains every letter in the language.

 For example, the sentence “The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog” is a pangram.

3Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious (*breath*) is NOT the longest word in English.

 This extra long word (that approximately means “fantastic”) was popularized by the movie Mary Poppins and was eventually added to the dictionary. What you probably didn’t know is that there is a word that is longer—yes longer—than this one. Pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis  is a type of lung disease caused by inhaling ash and dust. Go ahead and try pronouncing that!

4There are “ghost words” that mean nothing.

 Believe it or not, there are some words that appeared in the dictionary because of printing errors. The nonexistent word “dord” appeared in the dictionary for eight years in the mid-20th century. It became known as a “ghost word.”

5The shortest, oldest, and most commonly used word is “I.”

 Medieval manuscripts reveal that some of the oldest words in English are “I,” “we,” “two,” and “three.” This makes “I” one of the shortest and oldest words in the English language. It is also the most commonly used word in English conversations.

6A new word is added to the dictionary every two hours.

 Between now and your next meal, a new word will be put into the dictionary. During the course of the year, almost 4,000 new words are added! So, the next time you try to catch the attention of the dissertation committee, try adding some new words to your project.

7There’s a name for words that we repeat often.

 Words we always use even though they add no meaning or value to a sentence are called crutch words. For example, in the sentence “Then I was like, OMG, then like, he went there, and like…” it is pretty obvious that “like” is the crutch word. “Actually,” “honestly,” and “basically” are also commonly used as crutch words.

8Swims will be swims even when turned upside down.

 Such words are called ambigrams.

9English is the language of the air.

 This means that all pilots have to identify themselves and speak in English while flying, regardless of their origin.

10Girl used to mean small boy or girl.

 The word “girl” was not initially used to refer to a specific gender. It used to mean “child” or “young person” regardless of the gender.

Rochelle Ceira is a specialist in English, currently serving as an instructor at a private institute. She also works part-time with a team of dissertation experts at Dissertation Avenue. She’s an avid reader of Dan Brown and G.R.R Martin, and she loves to indulge in their novels whenever she has time.